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One important aspect of medical diagnosis is its reproducibility. Suppose that two different doctors examine 100 patients for dyspnea in a respiratory-disease clinic and that doctor A diagnosed 15 patients as having dyspnea, doctor B diagnosed 10 patients as having dyspnea, and both doctor A and doctor B diagnosed 7 patients as having dyspnea.

Problem 10.16 – Compute the Kappa statistic and its standard error regarding reproducibility of the diagnosis in this clinic.

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See attached Excel data file “Hormone.dat” to answer the next two problems.

Problem 10.37 – What test procedure can be used to compare the percentage of hens whose pancreatic secretions increased (post-pre) among the five treatment regimens?

Problem 10.38 – Implement the test procedures in Problem 10.37, and report a p-value.

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Table 10.32 – Parity distribution of women with abortions and women without abortions.

Induced Abortion

Parity

Yes (n=16,353)

No (n=77,220)

34%

29%

1

23%

18%

2

30%

34%

3

10%

15%

4+

3%

4%

Problem 10.61 – What tests can be performed to compare the parity distribution of women with and without induced abortions?

Problem 10.62 – Implement the test in Problem 10.61, and report a two-tailed p-value.

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Table 10.33 – Effect of vitamin A supplementation on serum-retinol levels.

Year 0

Year 3

Retinol (mmol/L)

N

Mean ± sd

Mean ±sd

Vitamin A Group

73

1.89± 0.36

2.06 0. ±53

Trace Group

57

1.83±0.31

1.78 ±0.30

Researchers found that that among 133 participants in the vitamin A group (males and females combined) who were in the normal range at baseline (

Problem 10.68 – What test can be performed to compare the percentage of participants who developed abnormal triglyceride levels between the Vitamin A group and the trace group?

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Problem 10.69 – Implement the test in Problem 10.68, and report a two-tailed p-value.

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The standard test for screening Downs Syndrome is based on a combination of maternal age and the level of serum alpha-fetoprotein. Using this test, 80% of Downs Syndrome cases can be identified, while5% of the normal are detected as positive.

Problem 10.121 – What is the sensitivity and specificity of the test? Suppose that 1 out of 500 infants are born with Downs Syndrome.

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Table 10.52 – Outcome data for the Sorbinil Retinopathy Trial (n=481) change in retinopathy level:

Group

2+ Levels

1 Level

No Change

1 Level

2 Levels

3 Levels

4 Levels

5+ Levels

Total

Placebo

5

17

84

59

37

18

9

14

243

Sorbinil

4

21

97

50

22

16

14

14

238

Problem 10.145 – What test can be used to compare the two groups if this more efficient method is used?

Problem 10.146 – Implement the test used in Problem 10.145, and provide a p-value (two-tailed).