A. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this lab is to explore the chemical process of paper chromatography, showing how it can be used to separate mixtures of chemicals into
individual components.
B. BACKGROUND “Chromatography” is the separation of liquids that are mixed together in solution according to their different abilities to adsorb to a framework. The
name comes from its early use to separate plant pigments into different compounds (“chroma” means color). Adsorption is a process similar to surface tension, where
water will wet a surface of an object. C. EQUIPMENT Coffee filter (or paper towel) and food coloring. Not all food coloring separates into color bands. An alternative
is water-soluble fountain-pen ink. D. PROCEDURES Cut some strips that are about 12 inches long and 2 inches wide from a coffee filter or paper towel. Add several
different food colors to a bowl of water. Mix them together so that the result is a dark color, nearly black. Place one end of the paper into the bowl, and drape it
over the edge so that it hangs over another bowl to catch drips. It is handy to raise the first bowl onto a book or to place it on a shelf over a counter. If the
colors do not separate, try making a mark on a towel with a water base ink pen. Submerge the end of the towel that is marked into the bowl of water. E. RESULTS AND
CONCLUSIONS Report your observations. Report if you see that a few inches of colorless wet zone precede the colors. This water moving through the paper drives the
movement of the pigments. Chromatography can be done on other frameworks in addition to paper. Liquids or gases are passed through tubes containing powders and
specially coated sand. Chromatography is one of the advanced methods by which small amounts of chemicals are separated from each other to be identified by
sophisticated instruments. Drug testing and other chemical testing utilize chromatography in this way.
explore the chemical process of paper chromatography, showing how it can be used to separate mixtures of chemicals into individual components.
laboratory report should contain the following sections: (1) Hypothesis, (2) Procedures,
(3) Observations and Results, and (4) Conclusions. Make certain you include all four headings with at least a short paragraph for each. In addition, tables, graphs,
and answers to questions may be necessary in the latter two sections.
HYPOTHESIS
Scientific research should contain a preliminary statement of the expected outcome of the experiment. This can include predictions of the specific experiment or the
general anticipated result. If you are merely doing an observation and have no idea of the outcome, you cannot make an actual hypothesis. Instead, make a short
statement of the purpose of the observation. However, if you have preconceived ideas of the outcome, include them in this section, and then see how they compare to
the results.
PROCEDURES
Even though you are told what to do, write a paragraph of the specific steps you actually took in doing the experiment or observation. Because you are coming up with
your own equipment, your procedures will be of particular interest.
OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS
This is where you should make a detailed statement of the outcome of your experiment. Record all your pertinent observations in a clear, readable form. Arrange your
data in tables (such as measurements and calculations you make). Answer any questions asked in this Study Guide, marking these clearly so that they can be easily
found.
CONCLUSIONS
Your conclusions should include a comparison between the outcome of the experiment and your initial predictions made in the hypothesis. In cases where you are
attempting to recreate a physical constant, compare your number to the accepted value, using the formula for experimental error:
Experimental Error Equation
If you find a large difference in your results from the expected value or if your anticipated observations are not the same as your actual observations, try to
identify possible sources of error or reasons for the difference in the hypothesis and results
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