Prisons and Asylums
We discussed the two types of institutions that came about after the Civil War in America. Prisons and Asylums. After completing your reading of “The Discovery of the Asylum” write an essay (2 pages) on the ways that you believe these two institutions are similar and how they differ. Be sure to use direct quotes from the text and cite sources accordingly.
BASED ON THE BOOK “THE DISCOVERY OF THE ASYLUM” BY DAVID ROTHMAN
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In one page I need you to summaries the assignment because I will do my presentation. I want you to cover whole the assignment through 5 steps.
My major question is?
What is your question?
? What is the impact on food habits for international students studying in Australia?
?
Who did you collect your data from? (Data collection)
? 4 interviews, and some explanation how I done it, you can get the information from the assignment
? I did all of them face to face
Finding what did you find? (Finding)
? Majority for the interview
Discussion Explain your findings with your theory
Compare / contrast to the literature
? Need to mention to the theory that I used in the lecture review and how is relevant to my question
? And why I used it, and how is useful to my question
Recommendation
? What do recommend
Literature Review
According to Loomes & Croft (2013, p. 486), the increase in number of students from foreign countries in Australia has elicited the need for proper dietary evaluation for this group. Australian cultural practices and dietary habits are being modified gradually by the growing number of foreigners in the country. The author indicates that international students who come in Australia seeking education bring with them new cultural trends which contribute in diversifying the culture of Australians. Perez-Cueto et al (2009) highlights that food is the most common challenge experienced by international students who visit foreign countries for the first time. Most of them experience difficulties in coping with the dietary styles of Australia. Loomes & Croft (2013, p. 489) indicates that there is no special program that keep an eye on new international students to make sure that they adapt to the Australian cultural system fast enough. Entrepreneurs have however established food cafes that provide distinct dishes that are coined to food cultural background of some of the foreign students. Contemporary research has revealed that many foreign students are forced to adapt to the Australian food in the long run due to lack of alternative.
Research indicates that eating habits are correlated to an individual’s culture as well as the social cultural environment. The length of time one stays in a specific social setting determines the change in his or her eating habits. Eating habits can be explained as the quantity of food consumed, the type of food consumed, amount and the style of eating (Riddell (2011, p. 728). Wandel (2008, p. 381) indicates that social structures such as schools contributes to modifying the food habits of people. The majority people holding a particular culture influence the cultural practice of the surrounding people. Loomes & Croft (2013, p. 491) indicates that international students studying in Australia are forced to adapt to the food habits of Australian students since they are the majority. According to Pereira, Larder & Somerset (2010, p. 939), the approximate time for acculturation is twelve months. The author indicates that African refugees in Australia spent close to twelve months to become accustomed to the Australian food styles. Consumption of foreign food is observed to be as a result of hunger rather than observing a healthy diet. Edwards, Hartwell & Brown (2010, p. 306) however indicates that foreigners whom food habits are close to the ones observed in the host country find it easy to adjust.
Recent studies indicate that new foreign students in Australia are straining to adjust with the food habits in the country. Change in food culture is one of the challenges faced by these students. Although it may seem simple, adapting to new food culture may have psychological effect on a person. New foreign students in Australia often suffer from social isolation as they are subjected to a set of new culture and people and especially food habits. This mostly leads to depression and loneliness. In a study conducted in Australian institutions of higher learning, more that 70 percent foreign students admitted to have experienced moments of loneliness and depression before adapting to the Australian social trends (Edwards, Hartwell & Brown, 2010, p. 309). According to Kremmyda (2008, p. 461), an individual’s ability to socialize fast with others determines the length of time taken before acculturation. Some students from foreign countries are very social and are able to build up relationships with native students fast enough. This enables them to learn many things about their cultural practices inclusive of food habits and ease their acclimatization process.
Author Date Methodology Key findings Implications Relevance/significance
Edwards, J. S. A., Hartwell, H. L., & Brown, L. 2010 Research Acculturation process for international students is slow Dietary behavior of students is affected in foreign countries It provides an analysis on how food culture of foreign students is modified in foreign countries
Loomes, S., & Croft, A. 2013 Research International students from different countries have different food habits The process of adapting to new food styles depends on country of origin It gives a general view of student’s individual food habits
Perez-Cueto, F., Verbeke, W., Lachat, C., & Remaut-De Winter, A. M. 2009 Case Study Dietary habits for international students change while in foreign countries The length of time one stays in the foreign country influences change of food culture International students go through a rough time before adapting to new food habits
Pereira, C. A., Larder, N., & Somerset, S 2010 Survey Origin of a person determines the food habits It takes a pretty long period for a person to adapt to new food culture The time length is crucial in adapting to new food culture
Riddell, L 2011 Survey Nationality differences affects the choice of foods Food habits are dependent on ones nationality Analysis of nationality perception on food choices
Kremmyda, L 2008 Interview Food choices by international students determine their diet The choice of diet varies among students Enhances knowledge on the available types of diets for students
Wandel, M 2008 Survey High cost of food adjustment Cost of food determines what to be consumed Students need good financing for healthy diets
Reference List
Edwards, J. S. A., Hartwell, H. L., & Brown, L. (2010). Changes in food neophobia and dietary habits of international students. Journal of human nutrition and dietetics, 23(3), 301-311.
Pereira, C. A., Larder, N., & Somerset, S. (2010). Food acquisition habits in a group of African refugees recently settled in Australia. Health & place, 16(5), 934-941.
Perez-Cueto, F., Verbeke, W., Lachat, C., & Remaut-De Winter, A. M. (2009). Changes in dietary habits following temporal migration. The case of international students in Belgium. Appetite, 52(1), 83-88.
Kremmyda, L 2008, Differentiating between the effect of rapid dietary acculturation and the
Effect of living away from home for the first time, on the diets of Greek students studying in Glasgow, Appetite, Vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 455-463.
Loomes, S., & Croft, A. (2013). An investigation into the eating behaviour of international students studying at an Australian university: should we be concerned?. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 35(5), 483-494.
Riddell, L 2011, Impact of living arrangements and nationality on food habits and the nutrient Intake in young adults, Appetite Vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 726-731.
Wandel, M 2008, Changes in food habits after migration among South Asians settled in Oslo:
The effect of demographic, socio-economic and integration factors, Vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 376-385.
Methods
This study is intended to investigate the impact on food habits for international students studying in Australia. This section will outline the procedures that will be used to carry out the study.
Research Design
A research design refers to the systematic procedures that a researcher adopts to study the problem under investigation (Polit & Beck 2010, p. 94). A qualitative research design will be used in this study. Qualitative research explores individual cases and issues with the aim of answering practical questions and understanding concrete phenomena. The goal of qualitative research is to gain insight into the behaviour, attitudes, lifestyles, or value system of people (Robinson p. 26). In this case, qualitative design is the most appropriate approach to investigate the impact on food habits for international students.
Access to Participants
This study targets international students studying in Australia. The researcher will approach four international students studying at the university during normal school hours and hand them a letter requesting their participation in the study. The researcher will explain to them the purpose of the study and the reason for having picked on them. The researcher will select students from different countries to ensure diversity. Once they agree to participate, they will constitute the study respondents.
Data Collection
Data will be collected through qualitative interviews. The researcher will conduct structured face-to-face interviews with each participant. An interview guide with 10 pre-determined questions will be used to guide the interview. The researcher will use face-to-face interviews because they are the most appropriate approach for the study purpose. According to Ryan, Coughlan and Cronin (2009), individual interview is the most appropriate method that can help researchers gain insight into the experiences, understandings, and perceptions of people regarding a certain phenomenon. They add that individual interviews allow in-depth collection of data on the topic of interest (p. 309).
Sampling Strategy
Sampling is a vital aspect in qualitative research (Robinson p. 25). The researcher will use a convenience sampling strategy to select the sample. Convenience sampling is a non-probability sampling method in which a researcher selects the study participants based on convenience (Skowronek & Duerr 2009, p. 412). In convenience sampling, the researcher selects the sample for the study’s purpose because they meet a given practical criteria in terms of easy accessibility, availability at the right time, and geographical proximity. Convenience sampling is the most appropriate sampling design for this study because the researcher specifically targets international students at the university. It is the cheapest and the simplest method of non-probability sampling (Farrokhi & Mahmoudi-Hamidabad 2012, p. 785). However, convenience sampling can introduce outliers and selection bias in the study, which can affect the validity and reliability of study results (Hedt & Pagano 2011, p. 561).
Ethical Issues
The researcher will put into consideration the ethical principles when conducting the study. Ethical principles are necessary to ensure the good conduct of research involving human subjects (Polit & Beck 2010, p. 95). The ethical issues that will be put into consideration include respect for autonomy, beneficence, justice, and research merit and integrity. Respect entails acknowledging the intrinsic value of study subjects (Miller & Emanuel 2008, p. 765). The researcher will explain the purpose of the study to the subjects to ensure that they understand the nature of the study and provide informed consent to participate. The autonomy of the participants will be respected and those who refuse to participate will not be coerced. Only participants who provide written informed consent will participate. Those who opt to drop out of the study will be allowed to do so. Confidentially and privacy will be maintained and no information will be revealed without the consent of participants. Beneficence entails minimising risks and maximising the benefits of the study to participants (Polit & Beck 2010, p. 95). In this case, the researcher will ensure that no participant suffers any harm, intimidation, or coercion during the study. Justice deals with fairness in the conduct of research (Miller & Emanuel 2008, p. 765). In this case, the researcher will treat all participants and no one will be discriminated against during the study. The findings of this study will contribute better understanding of impact on food habits for international students studying in Australia.
Reflexivity
According to Heather, Joanna and Wendy (2012), reflexivity is improves the understanding of unspoken, embodied, or data that is not available to consciousness in qualitative research (p. 334). The researcher will keep a journal to record the daily activities during all the phases of the study. The researcher will remain as objective as possible and will provide accurate accounts of the participants. Tape recorders will be used for audio recording during the interviews to ensure accurate interpretation of participant accounts. The researcher’s beliefs or thoughts will not influence interpretation of the findings. The researcher has the necessary skills and knowledge to conduct a credible scientific inquiry. This study will help highlight food habits of international students in Australia. However, it is acknowledged that as an interviewer and student at the university, the experience with food at the university may inform the researcher’s position, thereby introducing bias in the study. The researcher will be cautious and guard against this bias.
Qualitative Questions
• What is your view on the eating habits of local students?
• How are eating habits among local students different from those back home?
• How has your eating habits changed since joining the university?
• What impact has the new environment had on your eating habits?
• What is your view on your current eating habits?
• Where do you obtain your food?
• What is the source of money you use to purchase food?
• How often do you eat out with other?
• How does your interaction with peers influence your food choices in Australia?
• How has your eating habits been changed with your study?
List of References
Farrokhi, F & Mahmoudi-Hamidabad, A 2012, ‘Rethinking Convenience Sampling: Defining Quality Criteria’, Theory and Practice in Language Studies, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 784-792.
Heather, E, Ryan, Joanna, R & Wendy, H 2012, ‘Research encounters, reflexivity and supervision’, International Journal of Social Research Methodology, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 333-433.
Hedt, B L & Pagano, M 2011, ‘Health indicators: Eliminating bias from convenience sampling estimators’, Statistics in Medicine, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 560-568.
Miller, FG & Emanuel, EJ 2008, ‘Quality-Improvement Research and Informed Consent’, New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 353, pp. 765-767.
Polit, D & Beck, C 2010, Essentials of Nursing Research: Appraising Evidence for Nursing Practice.7th ed. Lippincott: Williams and Wilkins.
Robinson, OC, ‘Sampling in Interview-Based Qualitative Research: A Theoretical and Practical Guide’, Qualitative Research in Psychology, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 25-41.
Ryan, F, Coughlan, M & Cronin, P 2009, ‘Interviewing in qualitative research: The one-to-one interview’, International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation, vol. 16, no. 6, p. 309.
Skowronek, D, & Duerr, L, 2009 ‘The convenience of nonprobability: Survey strategies for small academic libraries’, College & Research Libraries News, vol. 70, no. 7, pp. 412-415.
Show to the interview that I am not fast food in bad
Interview 1
Question Response Data analysis
What is your view on the eating habits of local students?
Local students mostly prefer to have pre-prepared foods, take-away or meals from supermarkets/ canteen. These food items are easily available and very cost-effective making it the 1st choice of the students. Its easy to pick up a sandwich and rush to the classes as it saves a lot of time and can be consumed on the way.
Convenient – easy options for preparation and eating on the run
Why? Time management is an issue?
Do local students have $$ problems? Why isn’t family supporting local students? Where is the family? What are the local student traditions with food?
How are eating habits among local students different from those back home?
Students back home are more into the local traditional snacks and not into the international fast foods.
Is time not an issue back home? Why is time not an issue? Who prepares the food back home? Why do they prefer traditional food over convenient / easy / fast food? Why is tradition important?
How has your eating habits changed since joining the university?
My international fast food consumption, like burgers, has increased tremendously. Back home I was more used to the home-prepared food, but since I live in the hostel and miles and miles away from home, this makes the fast food the 1st choice.
Moving away from family has changed habits – why doesn’t student cook for themselves? What is his ability cook?
What impact has the new environment had on your eating habits?
I have increased the consumption of potatoes and there have been a decrease in consumption of vegetables and fruits. This also meant that I have started to put on more weight. With the fast life of university one can hardly make time for eating. I have lost my habit of sitting and enjoying the food, as mostly I have to rush for the class or to the library to finish the assignment.
Are potatoes easy to prepare?
Obviously change in habits meant weight gain
Why not make good easy healthy options?
What is your view on your current eating habits?
My current eating habits are less healthy but more on the taste side. Eating more fast food and red meat has taken me a step closer to the obesity line but I cannot disagree that I have discovered new flavor’s and new food items
Why less healthy food is more taste full?
Are fast foods tastier?
Why not go for tasty healthier foods?
Do you think fast foods the increase risk of obesity?
Where do you obtain your food? Sometimes I do get the food from the supermarkets, which is pre-prepared and packaged and definitely on the cheaper side. Most days I survive on some food that I made in my home like make a sandwich. Otherwise, during the weekends I try to cook for my self or go to fast food restaurants.
Dose cost influences food choices?
Are foods from supermarkets and restaurants always cheaper?
Is home made food is more time consuming?
Why not prepare home made food most of the time?
Why you cook only at weekends?
What is the source of money you use to purchase food? I receive money for my monthly expenses from my scholarship. As well as sometimes I get some money from my family
Finances determine food choices-Is the financial support the student receives adequate?
Why you gets extra money from family?
How often do you eat out with other? Usually weekends are more relaxing times and we as a group of friends go to some restaurants to have a good time. But this is not every weekends may be twice in a month or so as I mentioned earlier eating out is quite expensive. Moreover, some of my friends encouraging me to have a lunch with them during the break between our classes How do peer pressure influences food choices?
Why you thinking restaurant sometimes expensive?
Why not go for cheaper, healthier foods?
How does your interaction with peers influence your food choices in Australia?
Students in Australia are very warming and welcoming. Yes it definitely has an impact on my eating habits. Also my peers have introduced me to a lot of new things. It is a different experience in totality.
Why Do you think that behavior of peers has effect on eating habit? How can introduction to new things an impact on experience? Peers influence food choices of international students-in what ways are local foods better?
How has your eating habits been changed with your study?
My eating habits haven’t really changed with the study but mostly with the change in the environment and culture in Australia. I do have developed a special liking to coffee to give me more attentiveness while studying. I also sometimes skip my lunch or breakfast.
How is change in eating habits a good experience? Bad?
How is the local culture and environment different from that back home? What makes students skip meals?
Relevant info He is single, studying English; he has been studying in Australia for 8 months, he is very noise and talk a lot, never stop talking
Special comments At first he refused, just for joke, than changed his mind to be interviewed.
Issues Emerging from this interview Tried as its was little bit late Choice
Issues to be followed up in the next interview Make some questions complicated and difficult to understand. Give interview more time to answer
Interview 2
Questions Response Data analysis
What is your view on the eating habits of local students?
In Our University local students are not very much concerned about eating habits and healthy lifestyle. Students prefer to have outside ready to eat foods which have more calories but very less Nutrition value. They depend a lot on coffee, soda and packaged fruit juices. Their water intakes seem inappropriate and they skip meals a lot. Fruits and vegetable intake is very low in their daily diet. Fast food, Junk food and very less physical activity is prevalent in their lifestyle. These non-home-cooked options are now a permanent and important part of how they eat, but there is little intention to cut down on these options to improve health and wellbeing.
Why the students are not concerned about healthy diet? It’s hard to cook? Time consuming?
What causes them to eat outside? Home-cooked food isn’t available to them? Is there study burden on students?
Why students prefer fast food over vegetables and fruits?
Low water intake? Students prefer drinks or juices?
More fast foods-is availability the determining factor?
Why can’t students prepare home made food?
How are eating habits among local students different from those back home? Our food is very different from the Local Australian Students. I belong to Saudi Arabia. Our foods consist of a special preparation that I can’t see many students have different types of food especially during study period. We also love to eat fast food but that is not more than three times a week. Australian local students skip meals, and they prefer to eat packaged food. Convenience is the biggest factor governing Food habits of local students. They prefer junk and fast food over healthy food. Water, fruit and vegetable intake is very low in local students here.
What way the local food differs from the food back home? Food back home consists of a variety-are they healthy?
Why convenience –are fast foods more convenient?
Local students kip meals-why is this so? I time a factor?
Why convenience is the major factor of eating food among students? Shortage of time?
What is special preparation of your food?
What makes it special? Why you prefer your home cooked food to local Australian food?
What kind of food student prefer in study period? Easy available pre prepared?
Students are lazy? What attracts in fast food than on home cooked?
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Assignment 2—CaseWorld scenario
Length: 2500 words
This assignment requires you to select and analyse ONE of two scenarios from CaseWorld. The scenarios describe two different types of family violence—one scenario focuses on domestic violence and the. Regardless of which scenario you choose, the analysis will require you to draw on the contemporary literature in sociology (e.g. gender socialisation, social determinants of health, feminist theory, etc.) and psychology (e.g. Bandura’s social learning theory, Bronfenbrenner, stress and coping, grief and loss, etc.) to identify and explore the factors that have influenced the psychosocial status of the family in the scenario.
page 7
CaseWorld (Anne White)—Domestic violence scenario—your paper needs to address the following:
•What psychological factors contribute to John’s use of violence and Anne being a victim of violence?
•What sociological factors contribute to John’s use of violence and Anne being a victim of violence?
•What impact does domestic violence have on Anne’s own bio-ecological model? (You may wish to refer back to the resources you used in assignment 2.)
•What actual and potential impact does domestic violence have on the bio-psycho- social health of Anne and John and the rest of their family?
Preparation considerations
Remember you need to plan your overall paper. You may wish to use headings within the paper to guide the reader. You will be expected to use your textbook and other resources to support the writing of your assignment. Check the marking guide for assignment 2.
The paper should be prepared using the School of Nursing & Midwifery’s House style and:
•Include an introduction and conclusion. Refer to the handout from the Student Learning Centre about writing an essay, in addition to U2Uni (2013) and Fox and Wilkinson (2009). Third person writing style is required.
•Tables, figures or appendices may be used to enhance the paper/discussion and are not part of the word limit. Appendices, tables and figures must be appropriately titled and referenced, and the reader referred to these in the discussion. Appendices are placed after the reference page(s)
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