Time budget preference of the species Spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia) and Ibis (Geronticus eremita) in a control (artificial/not natural) Zoo environment

Project description
The report will be about the time budget of 2 bird species: Species 1 is Spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia) and species 2: Ibis (Geronticus eremita) (see file Behaviour categories)
How tese species choose to spend their time within a zoo environment (see methods file name Fieldwork 1)
Spss data with the birds’ behaviour: to use in the results section as graphs (graphs should be like: see file Workshop 2-student)
What each behaviour of birds means? (see file Behaviour categories)
Title should be something like Time budget preference of the species Spoonbill and Ibis in a control (artificial/not natural) Zoo environment
References: 20 journals

Selected g
uidance notes for authors
from the journal ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR
Introduction
State the objectives of the work and provide an adequate background, avoiding a detailed
literature survey or a summary of the results.
Methods
Provide sufficient detail to allow the work to be reproduced.
Always state sample sizes (the number of animals used in the study) and the age, sex,
breed/strain and source of animals.
Full details of testing or observational regimes should be given.
If
captive animals were used, include details of housing conditions relevant to the study (e.g.
cage size and type, bedding, group size and composition, lighting, temperature, ambient noise
conditions, maintenance diets) both during the study and during any p
eriod before the study
that might bear on the results.
The Methods section may also contain a description of the kinds of statistics used and the
activities that were recorded.
Results
Results should be clear and concise.
The text should complement m
aterial given in Tables or Figures but should not directly repeat it.
Give full details of statistical analysis either in the text or in Tables or Figure legends. Include
the type of test, the precise data to which it was applied, the value of the relevan
t statistic, the
sample size and/or degrees of freedom, and the probability level. Number Tables and Figures in
the order to which they are referred in the text.
Means and standard errors/standard deviations (and medians and interquartile
ranges/confidenc
e limits), with their associated sample sizes, are given in the format
X
+SE =
10.20+1.01 g,
N
= 15, not
X
= 10.20, SE = 1.01,
N
= 15.
For significance tests, give the name of the test followed by a colon, the test statistic and its
value, the degrees of
freedom or sample size (whichever is the convention for the test) and the
P
value (note that F values have two degrees of freedom). The different parts of the statistical
quotation are separated by a comma. Note use of italics for
F, P, N
and other variabl
es.
If the test statistic is conventionally quoted with degrees of freedom, these are presented as a
subscript to the test statistic. For example:
ANOVA:
F
1,11
= 7.89,
P
= 0.017
Kruskal

Wallis test:
H
11
= 287.8,
P
= 0.001
Chi

square test:
X
2
2
= 0.
19,
P
= 0.91
Paired
t
test:
t
12
= 1.99,
P
= 0.07
If the test is conventionally quoted with the sample size, this should follow the test statistic
value. For example:
Spearman rank correlation:
r
s
= 0.80,
N
= 11,
P
, < 0.01
Wilcoxon
signed

ranks test:
T
= 6,
N
= 14,
P
< 0.01
Mann

Whitney
U
test:
U
= 74,
N
1
=
N
2
= 17,
P
< 0.02
P
values for significant outcomes can be quoted as below a threshold significance value (e.g.
P
< 0.05, 0.01, 0.001), but wherever possible should be quoted
as an exact probability value.
Nonsignificant outcomes should be indicated with an exact probability value whenever possible,
or as NS or
P
< 0.05, as appropriate for the test.
State whether a test is one tailed or two tailed (or specific or nonspecifi
c in the case of Meddis’
nonparametric ANOVAs). One

tailed (or specific) tests should be used with caution. Their use is
justified only when there are strong a priori reasons for predicting the direction of a difference
or trend and results in the opposite
direction can reasonably be regarded as equivalent to no
difference or trend at all. Authors are referred to Kimmel (1957,
Psychological Bulletin
,
54
, 315

353).
Do not quote decimals with naked points, for example quote 0.01, not .01, or normally to mor
e
than three decimal places (the exception being
P
values for significance tests, which may be
quoted to four decimal places where appropriate, e.g. 0.0001).
Regressions and analyses of variance
. The significance of regressions should be tested with
F
or
t
but not the correlation coefficient
r
.
R
2
should be quoted with both regressions and parametric
analyses of variance.
Multiple range tests
. Unplanned multiple range tests following ANOVA should be avoided unless
their appropriateness for the comparis
ons in question is verified explicitly. Authors are referred
to the review by Day & Quinn (1989,
Ecological Monographs
,
59
, 433

463).
Power tests
. Where a significance test based on a small sample size yields a nonsignificant
result, explicit considerati
on should be given to the power of the data for accepting the null
hypothesis. Authors are referred to Thomas & Juanes (1996,
Animal Behaviour
,
52
, 856

859)
and Colegrave & Ruxton (2003,
Behavioral Ecology
,
14
, 446

447) for guidance on the
appropriate use of power tests. Providing a value for power based on a priori tests is preferred.
Values of observed power are not appropriate. Authors should consider effect sizes and their
confidence intervals in drawing co
nclusions regarding the null hypothesis.
Transformations
. Where data have been transformed for parametric significance tests, the
nature of the transformation and the reason for its selection (e.g. log
x
,
x
2
, arcsine) should be
stated.
Discussion
It
is often helpful to begin the Discussion with a summary of the main results. The main purpose
of the Discussion, however, is to comment on the significance of the results and set them in the
context of previous work. The Discussion should be concise and no
t excessively speculative, and
references should be kept to a minimum by citing review articles as much as possible.
Figure captions
A caption should comprise a brief title (
not
on the figure itself) and a description of the
illustration.
It should be
B
ELOW
the figure.
Keep text in the illustrations themselves to a minimum but explain all symbols and
abbreviations used.
Tables
Number tables consecutively, with Arabic numerals, in accordance with their appearance in the
text.
Table headings should go
ABOVE the table.
Place footnotes to tables below the table body and indicate them with superscript symbols.
Be sparing in the use of tables and ensure that the data presented in tables do not duplicate
results described elsewhere in the article.
Do not d
ivide tables into two or more parts.
Tables should not contain vertical rules, and the main body of the table should not contain
horizontal rules.
Large tables should be narrow (across the page) and long (down the page) rather than wide and
short, so tha
t they can be fitted into the column width of the Journal.
References
Check that all references in the text are in the reference list and vice versa, that their dates and
spellings match, and that complete bibliographical details are given, including pa
ge numbers,
names of editors, name of publisher and full place of publication if the article is published in a
book.
Check foreign language references particularly carefully for accuracy of diacritical marks such as
accents and umlauts.
Cite unpublished
manuscripts (including those in preparation or submitted), talks and abstracts
of talks in the text as ‘unpublished data’ following a list of all authors’ initials and surnames.
Do not include these in the reference list.
Reference style
Text:
All
citations in the text should refer to:
1.
Single author:
the author’s name (without initials, unless there is ambiguity) and the year of

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