Literature Review Article
The culminating assignment, the master’s capstone project, is an opportunity to integrate and apply your knowledge and skills as a sport management leader to a practical research issue in the form of a literature review article. The focus of your review is a topic or problem relevant to your sport management specialization and career interests. The topic or problem also is applicable to an actual sport management issue in your workplace, locally, regionally, or nationally.
The topic or problem that you choose should be meaningful, i.e., significant, but also narrow enough to be manageable within the constraints of time and available resources. Additionally, the arguments that you pose need to be logical, concise, clear, coherent, and substantiated by evidence. Organize the components of your literature review article as follows:
Title. In 10 to 12 words, simply and succinctly summarize the focus and main idea of your review. A running head on your title page or other pages of your review is not necessary.
Author’s Name and Institution Affiliation. See APA, section 2.02, pp. 23-24 for format guidelines.
Abstract. Following the guidelines presented in APA, section 2.04, pp. 25-27, for literature reviews.
Introductory Statement. Briefly, begin your review with the following:
1. A concise, yet compelling statement that draws the reader into your work. Why should your reader(s) read further?
2. A clear and coherent statement of your topic, i.e., the focus of the reminder of your review and the key ideas.
3. A context statement that briefly, but specifically, describes the environment of the research topic or problem. Briefly describe the circumstances surrounding, creating, or that have led practically to the problem.
4. A significance or needs statement providing justification for your review. What is the value to the academic community or professional community for your review?
5. A clear statement of your thesis; what is the problem or question that needs to be addressed?
6. A forward looking organization statement briefly informing your reading audience about what follows.
7. Briefly describe the review strategies and methods that you used to gather information and identify relevant resources, i.e., data. What data bases did you use? What key search terms did you use? How many studies did you screen and select? What agencies or persons, if any, did you contact? What inclusion and exclusion criteria did you apply? How many studies did you exclude and include?
•&?ßsp;Body of the Review. Critique the literature reviewed. Analyze, evaluate, and synthesize, a minimum of 10 studies. What is known about your topic or research problem (argument of discovery)? State your argument (advocacy argument) reporting, analyzing, synthesizing and evaluating the literature that you surveyed.
Discuss the findings, highlighting areas of agreement, disagreement, design differences, sample differences, methodological differences, and/or controversies.
•&?ßsp;Summation/Conclusions and Implications. Summarize your thesis argument by restating your thesis. Analyze your thesis by providing a complete interpretation. Briefly, summarize and discuss factual conclusions based on your review. Present the implications of your findings. What is the academic and/or practical impact of your findings? What future research or practical directions do you recommend be pursued?
•&?ßsp;References. On a separate page, provide a complete and accurate list of reference citations for the studies you reviewed. Accurate use of APA form and style is required.
Your entire review article should be approximately 10-15 pages in length – no longer than 20 pages maximum, not including the CUC assignment cover sheet, title page, or list of references. The entire review must be in complete and accurate APA format and style, grammatically and mechanically correct, and well organized and coherent. See the capstone project, literature review rubric for further guidance.
Submit your review article as an attachment on or before Day 5, Friday, of Week 8. 30 points
The research topic I would like to explore is character development and aspects of youth participation in sports that lead to social and ethical growth in today’s youth.
References
Catalano, R. F., Toumbourou, J. W., & Hawkins, J. D. (2013). Positive Youth Development in the United States. Handbook of Moral and Character Education.
Crane, J., & Temple, V. (2015). A systematic review of dropout from organized sport among children and youth. European Physical Education Review, 21(1), 114-131.
Earnheardt, A.C., & Haridakis, P.M. (2008). Exploring fandom and motives for viewing television sports. In Hugenberg, L.W., Haridakis, P.M., & Earnheardt, A.C. (Eds.).Sports mania: Essays on fandom and the media in the 21st century (pp. 158-171). Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland.
Hurd, N. M., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2009). Negative Adult Influences and the Protective Effects of Role Models: A Study with Urban Adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38(6), 777-789.
Noelle M. Hurd, and Marc A. Zimmerman, graduate students at Michigan University in the department of psychology, conducted research on whether role models contributed to the resilience of adolescents who were exposed to negative non parental adult influences(p. 779). The sample size included 659 African American, ninth-grade adolescents. The researchers found that adolescents’ exposure to negative adult behavior was associated with increased externalizing, internalizing, and substance using behaviors, as well as more negative school attitudes and behavior (p. 783). They were able to find this by conducting questionnaires on ‘where teens see themselves in 5 years and who they look up too’. It was also found that role models had protective effects on externalizing and internalizing behaviors and compensatory effects on school outcomes; this was found by the teens having a strong fear of being on well-fare or in jail by the age of 19 (p. 785). In closing the researcher’s findings suggested that role models can contribute to the resilience of African American adolescents who are exposed to negative non parental adult behavior. This article is beneficial to my study because it talks about how in the lives of these African-American adolescents the struggle of oppression is so stricken that outlets of laughter and jokes are expressed and the rapping of better lives of entertainers are appealing.
Kay, T. (2009). Developing through sport: Evidencing sport impacts on young people. Sport in
Society, 12(9), 1177-1192.
Menestrel, S. L., & Perkins, D. F. (2010). An overview of how sports, out-of-school time, and youth well-being can and do intersect. New Directions for Youth Development, 2009(115), 13-25.
Suzanne Le Menestrel and Daniel Perkins are youth research developers for the Department of Agricultural and Extension Education at Pennsylvania State University. Discussed in this article are the benefits and disadvantages of participation in organized youth sports (p. 14). The authors describe a youth development approach to sports programming (p. 15). The authors summarize what is known about the physical, socio-emotional, and cognitive benefits of sports participation (p. 15). The authors used information from survey’s and cross-referenced past researched from health specialist and developmental psychologist to back their claims (p. 17). Among the material summarized were health benefits, such as the closer look into the reduction in heart disease and diabetes (p. 21). Another topic that was discussed was socio-emotional benefits, and how sports help with coping skills for youth, and how it prepares them to be able to bounce back from problems (p. 23). This article will be beneficial to my research because the authors present an innovative approach to youth sports and the advantages of implementing approaches using the emerging community youth development framework.
Rhodes, J. E., & Spencer, R. (2010). Structuring mentoring relationships for competence, character, and purpose. New Directions for Youth Development, 2010(126), 149-152.
Smith, L. (2015). Physical activity levels and motivational responses of boys and girls: A comparison of direct instruction and tactical games models of games teaching in physical education. European Physical Education Review, 21(1), 93-113. Retrieved from http://epe.sagepub.com/content/21/1/93.
The research topic I would like to explore is the decreasing role of relative role models for
today’s youth versus, what was seen as healthy role models ten to fifteen years ago and the role that social
media has played.
Many athletes today bark at the notion that youth players look up to them, leaving many athletes to say it
is not their job or responsibility to raise kids. What I have found out is there is a decreasing number of
professional / and collegiate athletes that kids look up to these days. I believe this topic will be beneficial
to the field of sports management because parents, and coaches preach sportsmanship and this topic is a
good starting point to see what and who kids are considering to be cool. With better knowledge of the
situation life coaches, and parents can help steer their kids in the right direction for positive role models.
I am interested in conducting further research into why the youth of today rarely look up to athletes the
same way in which they did ten to fifteen years ago. Several factors might come into play as to why this
might be the case; however my belief is that the most prominent reason is the increase in technology.
Today kids are faced with more options than ever before, and they are engulfed by the social media
movement. I understand this is an extremely subjective topic, and that more strenuous research will have
to be done to fully grasp the question and pose a suitable answer and/ or solution. None the less I am
excited to find out what I will discover. My feelings on the topic will be strictly as a researcher and
wanting to gather information on what factors entice kids to have them pick a role model. Since I was not
yet blessed with kids I will be able to stand un-bias and just conduct research
++ some more references articles I did bibliographies for as well as sources. +=
Crane, J., & Temple, V. (2015). A systematic review of dropout from organized sport among children and youth. European Physical Education Review, 21(1), 114-131.
Jeff Crane researcher at the University of Victoria in the department of Physical science used leisure constraints theory, as the basis to review factors of dropout of organized sports, among children and adolescents (p. 119). Population, construct of interest, and context were the articles being sought out under academic search databases. Over 300 variations came back but by applying (EFA) exploratory factor analysis, Crane was able to reduce the number of variables by determine which ones cluster together. The results yielded 43 hits with 89 % being male cases (p.117). A majority of the services were cross-sectioned using quantitative approaches of charts. Swimming, soccer, gymnastics, and basketball were the study results that were most popular. The search gave proof that intrapersonal and interpersonal constraints cause a dropout from sports, more so than structural constraints. This was seen, by giving examples of what caused the dropouts and factors that may have led to it (p.120). The most common factor for dropouts were injuries, lack of excitement, peer-pressure, more priorities, and perception of competence (p. 126). In closing Crane noted that future research would benefit from mixed methods, and prospective approaches because the ability to use kids as a direct source as to why they dropped out and giving researches a chance to find what shaped their motives is the best method (p.130). This article will be beneficial for my research because it examines factors of what causes youth to shift from loving sports, and having sports role models to doing what is hip and seen as socially acceptable.
Earnheardt, A.C., & Haridakis, P.M. (2008). Exploring fandom and motives for viewing television sports. In Hugenberg, L.W., Haridakis, P.M., & Earnheardt, A.C. (Eds.).Sports mania: Essays on fandom and the media in the 21st century (pp. 158-171). Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland.
Dr. Adam C. Earnheardt is associate communications professor and department chair at the University of Youngstown State. Earnheardt author of Exploring Fandom And Motives For Viewing Television Sports, opens with watching sports and the impact that it has on society today. Earnheardt wants to research and answer the question of what motivates people to watch sports. He is torn between the fandom or the need for sole entertainment. Calling upon three past researchers and professors of research Earnhardt used there surveys on what is most appealing out of sports, horror, and romance. He was able to reference two distinct methods. First of which was Kahle, Kambara, and in text Rose (1996) various motives and TVMS; (1983) Rubin fandom born. Through use of surveys and observed data analysis Earnheardt answers his question of what motivates fans to watch sports. Overwhelmingly a relation to a team or player plays the biggest role. The team or player most viewed had the most viewership (p. 170). This article is a good source to have because it provides various research methods and data needed to ultimately help answer my research question of sports figures and if positive role players are diminishing. Earnheardt concludes with acknowledging that woman do not know as much about sports so the results vary with that in mind. (p. 172).
Heinze, K., Soderstrom, S., & Zdroik, J. (2014). Toward strategic and authentic corporate social responsibility in professional sport: A case study of the Detroit Lions. Journal of sports Management,(8) 672-685. Retrieved February 7, 2015, from http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/
Heinze has a master’s degree in sports psychology from Kent State; in this article Heinze guides one to understand the importance of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the major league in the sports industry. There are four main focus points that define CSR and what is means in professional leagues: “normative claims about sports organizations’ engagement in CSR, including why sports is uniquely suited to promoting CSR” (p.672). A qualitative case-study approach was used to examine a particular professional major league to show the gaps that become present within different leagues based on the monitoring of their athletes. The league that was used for this research was NFL’s Detroit Lions. The analyzing of this team allows for clarification of how the CSR process works CSR in sports. The reason this journal article is such a great platform to use, in correlation with the other journals is the social responsibility angle it brings. The article does a great job of explaining responsibility and the workshops that athletes use to go through preparing them for the public eye and how they will be perceived. In closing Heinze argues that his research leads him to believe that as a whole the leagues holds each player and coach responsible for their actions but ultimately each individual club has a bigger impact on the situation.
Hurd, N. M., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2009). Negative Adult Influences and the Protective Effects of Role Models: A Study with Urban Adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38(6), 777-789.
Noelle M. Hurd, and Marc A. Zimmerman, graduate students at Michigan University in the department of psychology, conducted research on whether role models contributed to the resilience of adolescents who were exposed to negative non parental adult influences(p. 779). The sample size included 659 African American, ninth-grade adolescents. The researchers found that adolescents’ exposure to negative adult behavior was associated with increased externalizing, internalizing, and substance using behaviors, as well as more negative school attitudes and behavior (p.783). They were able to find this by conducting questionnaires on ‘where teens see themselves in 5 years and who they look up too’. It was also found that role models had protective effects on externalizing and internalizing behaviors and compensatory effects on school outcomes; this was found by the teens having a strong fear of being on well-fare or in jail by the age of 19 (p.785). In closing the researcher’s findings suggested that role models can contribute to the resilience of African American adolescents who are exposed to negative non parental adult behavior. This article is beneficial to my study because it talks about how in the lives of these African-American adolescents the struggle of oppression is so stricken that outlets of laughter and jokes are expressed and the rapping of better lives of entertainers are appealing.
Kay, T. (2009). Developing through sport: Evidencing sport impacts on young people. Sport in
Society, 12(9), 1177-1192.
Professor Kay is a tenured in sociology at the University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; he used data collected from five interviews with youth, parents, and teenagers to test his theory that sports shapes young people’s lives in a huge way. In the findings were testimonies given by parents, and youth about where their lives could have landed had it not been for sports Professor Kay states that young people’s attitudes, values, plans and expectations are altered with the structure that organized sports provides youth( p. 1179). Kay’s theory was tested and proved to be correct; from the data he was able to see a correlation between sports background vs. non- sports background. With the help of a colleague’s data from a past behavior experiment Kay was able to incorporate his claim that sports gives a sense of family that may be lacking or not fully whole at home. In conclusion Kay believed after final calculations that sports keeps young people off the streets and provides structure, in return keeping them out of gangs (p.1191). This article will be beneficial to my research paper because it provides insight into what triggers responses from kids as it relates to sports.
Macmillan, F. (2015). Supporting participation in physical education at school in youth with type 1 diabetes: Perceptions of teachers, youth with type 1 diabetes, parents and diabetes professionals. European Physical Education Review, 21(1), 3-30.
Freya Macmillian a research professor of Science & Health at Western, Sydney used focus groups, interviews and surveys to category data, in which she later used to help in her correlation with type 1 diabetes and children, as it relates to sports (p. 9). The objective of her study was to study perceptions of facilitators and barriers to PE in youth with type 1 diabetes and to determine how schools can help these individuals to be physically active. Quantitative data was used to chart diabetic youth aged 7–9 (n = 8) and 12–14 (n = 8) years with type 1 diabetes, their parents (n = 16), diabetes professionals (n = 9) and schoolteachers (n = 37) p. 16. Data was analyzed with the focus of support needs for youth, with diabetes and involving them more socially and physically wise in school and sports. The data was broken down into four main themes, (1) differences between primary and secondary schools; (2) areas requiring address in all schools; (3) what teachers can do to help accommodate youth with type 1 diabetes; and (4) what schools can do to help accommodate youth with type 1 diabetes( p.28). Among the schools, participation varied and students used the illness as a crutch of sorts, counting on teachers to feel sorry for them, which would allow them not to take part in physical activities. In closing the author felt that better training for students, faculty and parents are needed to fight obesity and the stigmata against diabetes for youth and their social handicap. This study is ideal for my research because there is a section which speaks about diabetic youth being socially out casted, so in return have more role models which are athletes because they can physically do what they cannot.
Morse, A., & McEvoy, C. (2014). Qualitative research in sport management: Case study as a methodological approach. Qualitative research in sport management: Case study as a Methodological Approach, 19, 1-13. Retrieved February 8, 2015, from http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/
The author’s at Tulane believe that Qualitative research is a tool that is considered appropriate for academic journals and is used in sports management. Morse in this journal recommends that a case study is the best qualitative methodology for doing research in sport finance. Morse gives an account of various activities and experiences in which Along with the case study is the evidence of the process that was taken during the case study. The professional major league used in this study was the practices of a Major League Baseball (MLB) organization regarding their strategies they used regarding ticketing pricing. Morse used ticket convenience surveys conducted on fans to determine if supply, and demand applied to fans in regards to the pricing of tickets. He came to the realization he can chart profit and pair profit with fans experiencing and rather winning is more important or being shown a good time. Morse suggested by looking at the MLB ticket pricing strategies, that this will allow for a better understanding of how organizations views sports financing and what influences they look at. In closing Morse has a section that talks about maximizing profit and how even though there are some athletes that have character concerns, and morals that are called into question. The all mighty dollar still comes into play and the popularity of some players and the jersey sells they contribute causes some organization to strike while the iron is hot. Next there is a push to market the player even if he is seen as not the best role model (p. 12).
Smith, L. (2015). Physical activity levels and motivational responses of boys and girls: A comparison of direct instruction and tactical games models of games teaching in physical education. European Physical Education Review, 21(1), 93-113. Retrieved from http://epe.sagepub.com/content/21/1/93.
Lindsey Smith Professor of Life sciences at the University of Derby, United Kingdom, administered a study that would gauge the levels of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) of boys and girls. As they participate in units of games and or physical activities through two pedagogical models (p.97).The two models were direct instruction and tactical games model (TGM). Smith’s hypothesis was, because of the difference in domain interaction and lesson structure boys and girls would achieve higher levels of physical activity and gain higher quality motivation during TGM structured lessons versus direct instruction lessons. 42 boys and 30 girls’ age ranging from eleven to twelve years old were either assigned to a control or intervention group (TGM). Over twelve weeks progress was tracked using triaxal accelerometers to monitor moderate to vigorous physical activity this instrument showed strong validity because it tested and accurately measured what it was supposed to do. The System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time (SOFIT) was completed at the end of each lesson to additionally track context and researcher controlled behavior. Questionnaires were used before and after, boys who participated in rugby and football under (TGM) conditions showed high levels of MVPA in contrast to the control group. No change in motivation was noted. Girls in the TGM controlled condition showed similar physical activity levels in football and rugby sessions, however in netball lessons a much lower PA level was recorded. Smith recommended in the future building on her research a continuation of PA should be noted and followed while looking at student motivation over extended periods of time, using structural equation modeling techniques to assess the correlation between meditating influences vs PA levels. This article will be beneficial to my research because it examines what activities exert the most energy and joy level for kids, and how their mood is tracked when faced with mental vs physical stimulation.
The articles that were chosen portrays a wide range of areas that need to be covered to answer the sports management related question that I proposed in class several weeks ago. Which was mainly the decreasing role of relative role models for today’s youth versus what was seen as healthy role models ten to fifteen years ago. Many athletes today bark at the notion that youth look up to them, leaving many athletes to say it is not their job or responsibility to raise kids. What I have found out is there is a decreasing number of professional / and collegiate athletes that kids look up to these days. Now entertainers in the music industry almost always are the names that escape my player’s mouths for the most part.
I am interested in conducting further research into why youth in today’s age rarely look up to athletes the same way in which they did ten to fifteen years ago. At a distance several factors might come into play as to why this might be the case with the most prominent one being with the increase in technology in the present, kids are faced with more options than ever before and they are swallowed up whole by the social media movement. Regardless more strenuous research will have to be done to fully grasp the question and pose a suitable answer and or solution. At the end I will perhaps understand why Kevin Hart is the person all of the youth I interact with look up to the most (Hurd, 2009).
Information was gathered, which included questionnaires, surveys, interviews and various other research tools that assisted in organizing the information and testing the accuracy and validity of the results that were given. In the process of retrieving these articles, I noticed the use of research tools that many of these articles exemplified. Ranging from areas of urban problems faced by minorities (Hurd, 2009), to the difficulties today’s youth have to endure who are suffering from type 1 diabetes (Macmillian, 2015). The articles in their own way by providing quantitative data, allows me to arrange the data to finally get to the root question of ‘Why is there is a decrease in youth wanting to be athletes’, but instead wanting to me rappers and comedians?
++ Tonight I will attach the same assignment that you will do for this one that my friend did but he got a bad grade because he didn’t follow the directions I will attach the teachers comments for that assignment as well. Thank you for your help I will give you a glowing survey if you do a great job and have it to me by Next Friday at 10PM eastern standard time