China’s current society
IMPORTANT NOTIC:
This paper is going to reflect China’s current society from some small thing. So plz pick a detailed topic. Let me know what topic u wanna write before you really
start it.
RESEARCH PAPER GUIDELINES
Your research paper should be written as a scientific paper. It will be graded on your review of the relevant literature (discussed in the Introduction and cited in
your references), how your research is structured (your research methods), how thorough you were in your data collection, analysis, and interpretation of results, and
your written presentation of the paper information. In other words, the stress will be placed on the design, implementation, and write-up of your study.
The paper length should be between 10-15 pages, including pages that display tables and figures (i.e., charts and graphs), but not including appendices.
Your paper should be divided into the following components in this sequence (number of pages is approximate):
• Title page
• Abstract (200-250 words)
• Introduction (1-3 paragraphs)
• Background and Literature Review (3-5 pages)
• Methodology (1-3 pages)
• Results and Analysis (5-7 pages)
• Summary (1-2 pages)
• Appendices (optional numbers)
• Literature Cited – list the sources you cited in the paper text; for a undergraduate paper one would expect a minimum of 3 academic (refereed) sources (either
a book or an article can be a “source,” but be sure to establish that 3 of these are “refereed”) and additional non-refereed sources.
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TITLE PAGE
Provide an interesting and informative title for your paper. Titles should not be too long or too short; you may have both a main title and a subtitle.
ABSTRACT
The abstract summarizes your research; in essence it states why you did it, how you did it, and very briefly what you found out. The abstract should be 200-250 words.
The abstract should include: 1) the purpose of the project, 2) the significance of the project, 3) the methodology, and 4) the results in concise form and/or
conclusions. Needless to say, you must be very brief. Delete all extraneous language and don’t repeat yourself. The abstract is single spaced.
An example follows from the 2010 American Anthropological Association Meeting:
“The common wish of the whole humankind”: Competing visions of globalization at the Shanghai World Expo
China’s use of the Beijing 2008 Olympics and Shanghai 2010 Expo to mark its debut on the world stage provoked a great deal of hostility from international media and
NGOs. In a preemptive strategy, China chose “One World, One Dream” as its Olympic slogan and “Better City, Better Life” as its Expo slogan to emphasize that its
people share the same aspirations as people around the world. The Expo slogan aimed to express a “common wish of the whole humankind for better living in future urban
environments.” The “Shanghai Declaration” issued at the end of the Expo also attempted to consolidate the Expo forums and summit into a shared vision of the future.
However, the international debates surrounding both mega-events reveal that there is by no means a consensus about the future direction of globalization. Based on
interviews and participant observation, including among the writers of the Declaration, this presentation compares the different visions of the “better life” expressed
by the Chinese organizers, the national pavilions, the participating corporations, the international and Chinese volunteers, and citizens of Shanghai from various
walks of life with the vision presented in the “Shanghai Declaration” to examine how the Expo organizers attempted to reconcile competing local, national, and
international interests into a shared vision. This analysis reveals not only which voices are written into and out of this vision, but also whether the Chinese
organizers comprehended or shared the visions of the future possessed by other groups in the first place.
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this section is to introduce your research question. What issues or problems does the project address, and why are they important? How does the
project relate to other research on the problem? To what existing and current research does the project relate, and how does it relate?
BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW
Provide background information on the topic and relevant aspects of the subject area you have chosen for your paper. This is derived from the sources in your
Literature Cited and is called a literature review. Discuss the theoretical background and current status of the issue/problem. Include two types of literature, one
that concerns the theoretical basis for the research, and another that concerns empirical research on similar topics. The review should provide an analytical overview
of these two bodies of literature, with an analysis of their strengths and shortcomings. The review should lay the foundation for your discussion of the significance
of your own research project by showing what questions have yet to be answered. In some cases, it may serve to lay out a theory developed by someone else that you may
test in your own research. In other cases, the project will not be conceived of as testing a specific theory; in this case, the review will simply describe what has
already been said on the topic.
This and subsequent sections should be written using the author-date form of citation. In the final version of the paper, all sources cited should be listed in the
Literature Cited section. Within the text of the Introduction and all other sections of the paper give the LAST NAME of the author followed by the YEAR of the work, a
COLON, and the PAGE NUMBER, e.g., (Black 1986:167). The punctuation of the sentence goes after the last parenthesis. Look at an anthropological journal or textbook
for specific examples.
METHODOLOGY
The purpose of this section is to describe in sufficient detail how you collected your data and carried out your research so that anyone could easily and precisely
repeat your study. Replication is the hallmark of science, so you must be very detailed.
Obviously, you needed to devise a systematic way in which to collect your data. Consequently, you may have developed a data sheet and should include a sample of it in
an appendix to your paper. If your methods are similar to the methods used in previously-published studies, reference the papers that describe this methodology.
If your research targets a specific place and population, then include a Description of Field Site. Describe the relevant aspects of the setting for your research;
for example, the physical layout and location of the site, the composition of its social groups, the relevant history of the site, the way in which you carried out
your research there, etc.
The second part is the Research Plan. Describe the research methods and the specific objectives of the project. How will the aims of the project be achieved?
Discuss the methodological approach, specific procedures for data collection, and the rationale for selecting these procedures. Describe the statistical analyses
used. Discuss similarities and differences between the methods used in this and similar projects. Provide a timetable for the research. List other personnel
participating in the project, if any, their qualifications, and your rationale for utilizing them. List any equipment that was necessary for the project and justify
its use. Remember, you are describing a step by step procedure so another scientist can replicate your study.
Very Important: Questionnaires, charts, maps, and other relevant materials should be referred to in the Materials and Methods section and attached as appendices.
The third part of the Materials and Methods section deals with ethical concerns and is entitled Ethical Statement. In this subsection you must discuss any ethical
dilemmas encountered in carrying out the project, and how they were resolved.
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
The purpose of this section is to concisely summarize the qualitative and quantitative data you collected and analyze it. Results should not keep a scientific reader
in suspense. Carry the reader from one display of data to another with logical development, showing how your findings satisfy your objectives. Data are often
presented in tables or figures. Descriptions, observations, and quotations from interviews or written sources may be used as “results.” Very long tables should be
placed in the appendix and summarized in the text; shorter tables can be inserted in the text. Most of the results section should be devoted to describing patterns in
your data.
First, interpret the data patterns (or lack thereof) in the terms of the hypotheses and research questions that you described in the background and literature review
section. Reiterate the most important data patterns and discuss why you think they are important. Answer the questions you posed in the Introduction by using the
data you collected. Compare your findings to studies you mentioned and cited in your Introduction. Discuss why your results were the same or different from published
research. Write about what you found interesting. Mention anecdotal occurrences (unique or one-time happenings) that may not have been included in the quantitative
data you gathered.
In this section you also should discuss the limitations of your data or research. The purpose of detailing limitations is to forestall your readers’ critiques by
laying out all the issues that may have adversely affected your study. No scientific study is perfect, so a good scientist describes unexpected, unpredictable, or
possibly adverse situations that may have impacted the research.
SUMMARY
This section should be a short summary of the study and how it might fit into a wider scheme of research. What contributions did the project make to understanding of
the problem? What kinds of knowledge and understanding were generated by the research? What aspects of the research proved to be inadequate to the task of answering
the original questions? What questions remain to be addressed, and what are the suggested directions for future research?
APPENDICES
All additional relevant materials should be attached as appendices. For example, a sample questionnaire, a sample data sheet, a sample consent form, charts, photos,
maps, and other such information might be appropriately placed in appendices if you do not want to insert them in the Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, or
Discussion sections. When the entire paper is assembled, the appendices will be located after the text sections and before the Literature Cited section.
LITERATURE CITED
In this section list the papers you have cited throughout all the previous sections of the paper. This is not a bibliography, so do not list sources that you did not
cite in the body. The referencing should be alphabetical by author or editor’s last name. Note that bibliographic entries are single-spaced with double spacing
between entries. Dr. Brownell’s Training the Body for China can be used as a model.
Substantiating your research with ample sources is a necessity. For complete guidelines, consult the American Anthropologist Style Guide at
www.aaanet.org/aa/styleguide.htm.
FORMAT GUIDELINES
The general format required is 12-point font, double spacing, and 2.5cm margins. Justify the left side but not the right (i.e., the right side should not be lined
up). Double space everything, including block quotations (but not the Literature Cited section, see below). Indent the left side of block quotations, but not the
right side. Do not use footnotes; use the author-date referencing system.
Note on Chinese words: If you include a Chinese word in the text, please include in parentheses the Chinese character, the pinyin spelling, and the meaning. E.g.
“festival” (??, jieri).
Very Important Note on Quotations: Your paper should be your own original research and opinion, and therefore the vast majority of the paper should be in your own
words. Keep direct quotations (i.e., statements inside of quotation marks “ ” and block quotations) to a minimum. You should only use a direct quotation when the
author said something in a unique way. Otherwise, you should paraphrase it in your own words. If something is your own opinion, it may be best to say so by starting
the sentence with, “In my opinion, …” or something which points out to the reader that this is original stuff. That way, you are sure to get credit for your
original ideas.
Very Important Note on Citations: The purpose of a citation is to tell the reader where you got your information. Keep this in mind and use common sense in placing
your citations. Ask yourself, “Will Professor Brownell be able to tell that I got this from page 175 of Black’s article?” Failure to properly cite your sources is
plagiarism. It is generally better to include more rather than fewer citations. Too many citations will not result in points deducted from your paper. Too few
citations will.
Items that absolutely must be followed by a citation with a page number: Direct quotes and statistical figures.
If a direct quotation is more than ten lines long, then you should indent it as a block quotation. Block quotations are NOT contained in quotation marks “ ”. The
author-date citation should follow the period at the end of the block quotation. There is no period after the last parenthesis, as there is in the examples above.
REMEMBER:
• GIVE YOUR PAPER A TITLE.
• USE SUBHEADINGS This really helps in convincing your professor that the paper is organized according to a plan. It is also the format used in journals.
Subheadings should occur approximately every 2-3 pages. Sometimes you will also have second-level subheadings, which you can indicate as you wish, perhaps by
italicizing them.
• JUSTIFY THE LEFT SIDE BUT NOT THE RIGHT (i.e., the left side should be aligned and the right side should not). This applies to block quotations which are
indented and aligned on the left side but not the right.
• PAGINATE (i.e., put page numbers on your pages–I prefer at bottom center).
• DOUBLE-SPACE EVERYTHING BUT THE LITERATURE CITED. This includes block quotations and tables. Do not add extra white space (two double spaces) before or after
subheadings. Do not add extra white space between paragraphs. Indent paragraphs 4-5 spaces (you can use the tab key).
• USE THE SAME TYPE AND SIZE OF FONT THROUGHOUT THE PAPER. Generally, academic papers are written in Times Roman, Garamond, or Courier. Sans serif fonts (e.g.
arial) are generally not used.
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