In class, we will discuss offender typologies, crime analysis, the role of forensic science, etc. Using the readings, the lectures and other academic sources, and particularly the trip to Liverpool, please provide a comparative analysis of the United States and United Kingdom’s investigative processes in five pages. This does not include cover page, charts, graphs, images or reference pages. Are there commonalities across both systems? Are there things that are done in the UK that would or would not work in the US? Why might these deviations occur, especially since our justice system is based on the British model? What was most surprising to you about these differences and why? Remember to use APA format, have internal citations and provide a reference list.
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So, what are investigations?
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History of Investigations:
Europe
• Great Britain
– Thief Catchers
– The Fielding Brothers and the Bow Street
Runners
– The Metropolitan Police Service
• Scotland Yard and the Criminal Investigative Unit
(CIU)
• Fingerprints System adopted 1901
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History of Investigations:
Europe
• France
– Bertillon System
– Eugene Francois
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History of Investigations:
United States
• Mary Cecilia Rogers
• There was another very high profile case in
England that impacted perceptions, received
a great deal of attention and had a lasting
effect on investigations…what was it?
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History of Investigations:
United States
• Rogers homicide was in 1841; by the
1870s almost all major cities had police
departments, borrowing heavily from
Peel’s model
• U.S. Post Office
• Pinkerton National Detective Agency
• The Bureau of Investigation (AKA: The
FBI)
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Now, on to modern
investigations….
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About Investigations
• What gets investigated?
• Goals of Investigations
• Types of Investigations
• Modes of Investigations
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Objectives of Investigations
• Detect crime
• Locate and identify suspects
• Locate, document and preserve evidence
• Arrest suspects
• Recover stolen property
• Prepare sound criminal cases for
prosecution
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Investigators
• Qualifications
• Selection Process
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Investigators
• Characteristics of Investigators
• Specific duties
– Gathering Information—Initial Scene
Response, Evidence Collection, Follow-Ups
– Field Operations—Stakeouts, Electronic
Surveillance
– Arrests
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Evidence
• What is evidence?
• Types/Categories of Evidence
– Garner (2005): Physical and Testimonial
– Lyman (2005)
• Physical Evidence
• Direct/Prima Facie Evidence
• Indirect/Circumstantial Evidence
• Testimonial Evidence
• Trace Evidence
• Demonstrative Evidence
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Crime Scene Issues and
Investigative Ethics
• Garner pp. 14-20
• Basic Ingredients
• Scene Integrity Issues
• Ethics
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Preliminary Investigations
• Who conducts most of the steps in the
preliminary investigation?
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• Proceed to scene promptly and safely
• Render assistance to the injured
• Effect the arrest of the criminal
• Locate and identify witnesses
• Interview the complainant and witnesses
• Maintain crime scene and protect evidence
• Interrogate suspect
• Note conditions, events and remarks
• Arrange for collection of evidence
• Report the incident fully and accurately
• Yield responsibility to the investigator
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Special Situations
• Lyman (2005) mentions selected special
situations on pp. 28-30
– Death
– Hanging
– Firearms
Other considerations: canvass, contacting the
ME
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Any questions??
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