Guidelines:
Word count References credibility Number of references Referencing style
4000 words
(excluding the Abstract) • Up to date ( 5 – 8 years old maximum)
• Peer reviewed journals 40 – 50 References
80% should be published after 2010 APA 6th edition
Outlines: (paper structure)
Abstract : (150-200 words) Not included in the 4000 words.
Table of contents
Essay question:
Critically analysethe issues that arise from using secondary health data in Research
Introduction: (350 – 400 words )
◦ Importance of Health Data.
◦ Definition of Secondary health data.
◦ Briefly discuss the benefits of research to health services.
◦ Thesis statement.
Practical: (1200 words)
◦ Data Quality?
◦ Accessibility/technical issues?
◦ Cost efficiency and effectiveness?
Ethical issues: ( 1000 words )
◦ Demonstrate diversity of ethical standpoints
◦ Deontology versus utilitarianism.
Legal: (1000 words )
◦ Legislation (Data Protection Act) :
(Choose one country for this part: USA or UK or Australia).
◦ Anonymisation and Pseudo-anonymisation.
Conclusion : ( 350 words )
General Instructions:
Evaluation involves making critiques or judgements and supporting those judgements with reference to evidence, data and logical arguments, which will come from primary and secondary sources. These sources will need to be cited.
For assessment purposes, you need to demonstrate evaluative skills to examiners. The list below indicates some of the ways in which you can do this.
• Answers should include alternative points of view and these should be clearly
identified.
• Some attempt should be made to consider the strengths and weaknesses of
the different viewpoints.
• Where possible, you should use evidence data to provide support for arguments or to refute a point of view.
• Evidence should be CITED from both textual and, where appropriate, non-textual/ statistical sources.
• Literature reviews and Harvard referencing are crucially important.
• When commenting on matters relating to conflicting policy objectives, you might wish to consider the reliability of sources. For example: is the source reliable, subject to possible bias, inaccurate in any respect, out-of-date or incomplete? Does a source provide a distinctive body of evidence of its own, and/ or a distinctive logical argument, or does it merely ‘churn’ and regurgitate opinions of other writers?
• You might identify the circumstances where different outcomes are likely.
• Consider making a list of pros and cons, advantages and disadvantages, arguments for and arguments against. The ‘brainstorming’ of such lists is low-level evaluation. It becomes more sophisticated when we prioritise the items in the list, to distinguish the more important from the less important, and when we assess the balance of arguments, stating which side of the argument we consider to be the stronger, and providing a justification. Also consider making a recommendation or series of recommendations, again with a justification for them.
• You might also discuss how conclusions might be affected by variable influences and different factors.
• It is often important to show that you can distinguish between short term and long term effects.
• When demonstrating the ability to evaluate, it is essential to include a conclusion. A conclusion might be used, for example, to summarise
the previous discussion, synthesise arguments and make final judgements. While you may wish to show support for a particular point of view, it is
acceptable to conclude that there is insufficient evidence to support a particular opinion. Final judgements might be qualified by statements that include phrases such as ‘it depends on’.
Glossary of useful words and phrases for critical analysis
The following list is not meant to be exhaustive but it does provide examples of ‘words and phrases’ that you might find helpful to get started in making judgements.
However
Hence
Nevertheless
Although
It is likely that
The tendency is
But
In retrospect
On the other hand
In the short term…….. but in the long term
It depends what is meant by
It depends upon
The data suggest that
According to the article
The writer argues that …… but
Writer X argues that…. however writer Y takes an alternative view
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