How do shares disappear from the stock exchange?

1. What should happen if the holdings of an open-end fund are worth much more than what the shares of the fund are trading for? What should happen in a closed-end fund?
2. What are the main mechanisms by which money flows from investors into firms?
3. What are the institutional mechanisms by which funds disappear from the public financial markets back into the pockets of investors?
4. How do shares disappear from the stock exchange?

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