Human Resource Management in Australia
Discuss the implications of EITHER ONE of the following labour force trends for organizational HRM systems:
(a) An ageing workforce
(b) A diverse workforce
2. Strategic HRM
Consider some of the organizations you have been affiliated with. What are some examples of human resource practices that were consistent with that organization’s strategy? What are
examples of practices that were inconsistent with its strategy?
3. Designing a Selection Procedure
Assume you are a newly hired HR consultant for a large hotel in Adelaide. The senior management of the hotel is now very keen to improve its employees’ service performance, and its Director of
Operations has asked for your advice on the hotel’s hiring process. Outline your recommendation for the selection process to hire receptionists at the hotel. Be sure to justify your
recommendation. (If you want, you may design the selection process for a job of your choice. If you choose this option, please briefly explain the organization and the job of your choice.)
4. Training and Innovation
increasingly researchers and practitioners recognize that an organization’s ability to innovate new products/services helps the organization achieve competitive advantage. Discuss the role of
training in generating innovation. Can employee training improve organizations’ innovation performance? If so, what training programs can achieve this?
===================================
Journal List for Assignment #1
Your Assignment#1 must include 6 or more references, and at least 3 references must come from the following journals.
Academy of Management Journal
Administrative Science Quarterly
Journal of Management
Journal of Management Studies
Strategic Management Journal
Journal of Applied Psychology
Journal of Organizational Behavior
Journal of Vocational Behavior
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes
Personnel Psychology
Human Resource Management
Human Resource Management Journal
Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources
International Journal of Human Resource Management
Industrial Relations
Industrial and Labor Relations Review
British Journal of Industrial Relations
Journal of Industrial Relations
Developed by Language and Learning Advisers and Librarians © UniSA, January 2013 1
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3
Language Literacies Learning
Harvard referencing guide UniSA
This guide will help you apply the Harvard referencing style to your writing at UniSA. It is designed to
help you understand the conventions and principles of this style and make decisions about
referencing. There are many different versions of the Harvard style. This guide presents one
consistent version for use at UniSA, which conforms to the Australian Government standard
guidelines presented in Snooks & Co (eds) 2002, Style manual for authors, editors and printers, 6th
edn, Wiley & Sons, Australia.
Table of contents
What is referencing? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2
How do we reference? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3
Sample extract from an essay ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 5
What if your source does not match? …………………………………………………………………………………… 7
Harvard referencing UniSA examples ……………………………………………………………………………………. 8
Print ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8
Book ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8
Edited book…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 10
Chapter in an edited book ……………………………………………………………………………………… 11
Journal article ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 12
Magazine article …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 13
Newspaper article ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 13
Government publication ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 14
Legal publication ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 14
Patent or standard ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 15
Dictionary, encyclopaedia or handbook ……………………………………………………………………. 15
Conference paper or thesis ……………………………………………………………………………………. 16
Miscellaneous ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 16
Online (electronic) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 17
Webpage or website …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 17
Online journal article …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 18
Online news item …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 19
E-book or online document ……………………………………………………………………………………. 19
Miscellaneous ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 20
Sound and visual ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 22
Film or television ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 22
Miscellaneous ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 23
Other ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 24
Frequently asked questions ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 25
Useful links and information ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 29
Developed by Language and Learning Advisers and Librarians © UniSA, January 2013 2
What is referencing?
Whenever you write an assignment at university, you will probably be expected to use information
from different sources to support and develop your thinking. Referencing is a standard practice used
in academic writing to show your reader which ideas you have gathered from other sources and
where those ideas came from.
Why do we reference?
It is important to show your reader that you have sought out expert, reliable sources to help support
and develop your thinking, and this is done through referencing. The referencing in your assignment:
demonstrates good research conduct
shows the range of ideas and approaches you have found and thought about
acknowledges the sources of those ideas
tells your reader where they can locate those sources.
Referencing also helps you to avoid plagiarism. If you present someone else’s ideas as if they are
your own work, or use the exact same language they use without acknowledgment, you are
committing plagiarism. Plagiarism can be unintentional due to poor referencing, but the
consequences are always serious. Accurate referencing helps you to avoid this. For more information
on avoiding plagiarism, visit http://resource.unisa.edu.au/course/view.php?id=1572
When do we reference?
Every time you include words, ideas or information from a source – whether it’s a website, book or
journal article – in your assignment, you must include an in-text reference to show that this content
has been gathered from somewhere else. In-text references must be included whenever you:
paraphrase someone else’s ideas in your own words
summarise someone else’s ideas in your own words
quote someone else’s ideas in their exact words
copy or adapt a diagram, table or any other visual material.
For each source that you reference in-text, you must also create an entry in the reference list at the
end of the assignment.
Developed by Language and Learning Advisers and Librarians © UniSA, January 2013 3
How do we reference?
There are two components to a Harvard reference:
1) an in-text reference in the body of your assignment
2) full reference details in your reference list
1) In-text references
An in-text reference is provided each time you refer to ideas or information from another source,
and includes the following details:
the author’s family name (do not include given names) /authoring body or organisation
the year of publication
page numbers where applicable.
There are two main ways to present an in-text reference, as shown below. One way gives
prominence to the information by placing the reference at the end of your sentence in brackets:
Another way gives prominence to the author by placing the reference in the body of your sentence,
with the author’s name incorporated into the sentence structure and the date in brackets:
Including page numbers
Page numbers are included when you:
quote part of a source word for word
summarise or paraphrase an idea from a specific page or pages
refer to tables, figures, images or present specific information like dates/statistics.
If you do these things for a source without pages – e.g. a website – then just author and year will suffice.
Habel (2007, p. 48) notes that the novelist ‘draws on an established tradition of appropriating
the wayang for various social and political purposes’.
Universities can play an active role in finding solutions for climate change (Filho 2010, p. 2).
Filho (2010, p. 2) argues that universities can play an active role in finding solutions for climate
change.
Chabon (2008) explores a range of themes and ideas…
Chabon, M 2008, Maps and legends, McSweeney’s Books, San Francisco.
Developed by Language and Learning Advisers and Librarians © UniSA, January 2013 4
2) The reference list
The reference list provides full bibliographic details for all the sources referred to in your assignment
so that readers can easily locate them. Each different source referenced in your essay must have a
matching entry in your reference list.
It is important to note that the reference list is not a bibliography. A bibliography lists everything
you may have read, while a reference list is deliberately limited to those sources for which you have
provided in-text references. A bibliography is not needed unless specifically requested by your
lecturer.
The reference list is titled References and is:
arranged alphabetically by author’s family name (or title/sponsoring organisation where a
source has no author)
a single list where books, journal articles and electronic sources are listed together (see sample
reference list on p. 6 of this guide).
The main elements required for all references are the author, year, title and publication
information.
Judd, D, Sitzman, K & Davi, GM 2010, A history of American nursing:
trends and eras, Jones and Bartlett, London.
Sandler, MP, Patton, JA, Coleman, RE, Gottschalk, A, Wackers, FJ &
Hoffere, PB 1999, Diagnostic nuclear medicine, Williams & Wilkins,
Baltimore.
Whittemore, R 2009, ‘How can nursing intervention research reduce
the research-practice gap?’, Canadian Journal of Nursing Research,
vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 7–15.
Leave space
between each
entry
No indentation
required in second
or subsequent lines
of an entry
Single line
spacing required
Developed by Language and Learning Advisers and Librarians © UniSA, January 2013 5
An extract from an essay using the Harvard referencing
system
Essay extract
… The literal adaptation of a book to film is practically impossible.
As Stam (2005a, p. 4) suggests:
The shift from a single-track verbal medium such as
the novel to a multi-track medium like film, which can
play not only with words (written and spoken) but
also with music, sound effects, and moving
photographic images, explains the unlikelihood and …
undesirability of literal fidelity.
It is puzzling, then, that readers and audiences are so critical of
adaptations which take liberties, sometimes for the better, with
their source material.
Film adaptations of novels are frequently ‘castigated and held to
an absurdly rigorous standard of fidelity’ (Stam 2005b, p. 15). If
key scenes from a novel are pruned for film, audiences often react
negatively. However, fidelity is not an appropriate measure for
evaluating a film adaptation’s success, as numerous scholars
concur (Desmond & Hawkes 2006; Leitch 2008; McFarlane 1996;
Miller & Stam 2004). Judging film adaptations is ultimately,
Whelehan (1999, p. 9) contends, ‘an inexact science dogged by
value judgments about the relative artistic worth of literature and
film’. A fan of a novel might denigrate a film adaptation which
alters the original book in some fashion, but their response is
highly subjective and fails to take into account the practices and
realities of film production (McFarlane 2007, p. 26).
Sometimes there are grounds for hostility. Author Alan Moore has
witnessed a number of his complex graphic novels adapted into
shallow Hollywood products, making him extremely critical of
filmmakers and the filmmaking process (Ashurst 2009). However,
this kind of attitude can be knee-jerk and reactionary. Rather than
being overly pedantic about textual faithfulness, it is best to
approach film adaptations as re-interpretations of their source
material (Hutcheon 2006, p. 8) or as ‘a permutation of text, an
intertextuality’ (Kristeva, cited in Sanders 2006, p. 2). Moreover,
new modes of production further complicate existing definitions
of, and approaches to, adaptation (Moore, MR 2010, p. 180). So …
Comments
Always provide author, year
and page number(s) when
quoting.
Quotes longer than thirty
words are indented both sides,
and are one font size smaller.
Ellipsis (…) shows one or more
words have been omitted.
The letters ‘a’ and ‘b’ have
been added to the years here
and above to distinguish
between different sources by
the same author (Stam)
published in the same year.
Several sources cited at once.
Quotes shorter than thirty
words are enclosed in single
quotation marks.
Always provide author, year
and page number(s) when
paraphrasing a printed source.
Internet documents require
the same information for the
in-text reference (author and
year). No page number for
electronic sources unless
available.
Quote from Kristeva found in
Sanders’ work.
If authors have similar
surnames, include first initials
in reference to avoid
confusion.
Developed by Language and Learning Advisers and Librarians © UniSA, January 2013 6
References
Ashurst, S 2009, ‘Why Alan Moore hates comic-book movies’,
Total Film, 2 February, viewed 5 December 2010,
<http://www.totalfilm.com/features/exclusive-why-alan-moore-hates-comic-book-movies>.
Desmond, J & Hawkes, P 2006, Adaptation: studying film and
literature, McGraw-Hill, Boston.
Hutcheon, L 2006, A theory of adaptation, Routledge, New York.
Leitch, T 2008, ‘Adaptation studies at a crossroads’, Adaptation,
vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 63–77.
McFarlane, B 1996, Novel to film: an introduction to the theory of
adaptation, Oxford University Press, New York.
― 2007, ‘Reading film and literature’, in D Cartmell & I Whelehan
(eds), The Cambridge companion to literature on screen,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 15–28.
Miller, T & Stam, R (eds) 2004, A companion to film theory,
Blackwell Publishing, viewed 30 October 2012,
<http://www.scribd.com/doc/27285834/A-Companion-to-Film-Theory>.
Moore, MR 2010, ‘Adaptation and new media’, Adaptation, vol. 3,
no. 2, pp. 179–92.
Sanders, J 2006, Adaptation and appropriation, Routledge, New
York.
Stam, R 2005a, ‘Introduction: the theory and practice of
adaptation’, in R Stam & A Raengo (eds), Literature and film: a
guide to the theory and practice of film adaptation, Blackwell
Publishing, Malden, pp. 1–52.
― 2005b, Literature through film: realism, magic, and the art of
adaptation, Blackwell Publishing, Malden.
Whelehan, I 1999, ‘Adaptations: the contemporary dilemmas’, in
D Cartmell & I Whelehan (eds), Adaptations: from text to screen,
screen to text, Routledge, London, pp. 3–19.
Online newspaper or magazine
article
Book with two authors
Book
Journal article
Two works by same author,
listed chronologically
Dash used when more than one
work by same author listed
Chapter in an edited book
Ebook. Two editors
Journal article
Book from which Kristeva’s
quote taken
Two works by same author in
same year, listed a and b based
on alphabetical order of title of
the work
Dash used when more than one
work by same author listed
Chapter in an edited book
Please note: this extract is from an assignment written in the Humanities. Please refer to published
work in your area of study for examples of referencing conventions specific to your discipline.
Developed by Language and Learning Advisers and Librarians © UniSA, January 2013 7
What if your source does not exactly match any of these
examples?
This guide provides examples of Harvard references for different types of sources. Find the type of
source you need to reference in the pages that follow, and construct your reference in that format
using the example(s) provided to guide you.
While this guide provides a wide range of examples, it is not possible to provide a model for every
type of source you might use in your assignments. If you cannot find an exact match for the type of
source you need to reference, find examples for similar sources and combine the elements to create
the reference you need. For instance, the reference below is for a chapter in an edited document
which was found online in PDF form. It has been created through combining aspects of the following
types of references:
a chapter in an edited book
an online document in PDF form.
If you cannot find comparable reference types, always identify the following components of the
source, and arrange them in the order below:
• author, editor, or authoring body/organisation
• year of publication
• title
• publication information.
Druckman, P 2012, ‘The integrated reporting journey’, in C Van der
Lugt & D Malan (eds), Making investment grade: the future of
corporate reporting, United Nations Environment Programme,
Deloitte and the Centre for Corporate Governance in Africa, pp. 25–
28, viewed 4 December 2012,
<http://www.unglobalcompact.org/docs/news_events/upcoming/R
ioCSF/partner_deliverables/Making_Investment_Grade.pdf >.
Author/authoring
body
Year of
publication
Title of the
chapter
Editors
Title of online
document
Publisher
Internet
address (URL)
Date the
document
was viewed
Page
numbers of
the chapter
Developed by Language and Learning Advisers and Librarians © UniSA, January 2013 8
Harvard referencing UniSA – Examples
Print
Includes any materials created for publication in paper form
Book
Basic format:
Author’s family name, Initial(s) OR Authoring body year, Title of book, Publisher, Place of publication.
Type of reference In-text reference examples Reference list examples Further information
Book with 1 author
(this can include a
person or an authoring
body, e.g. a sponsoring
organisation)
Chabon (2008, p. 108)
discusses…
…was discussed in the study
(Chabon 2008, p. 108).
…a better world (Deni Green
Consulting Services 2008, p. 5).
Chabon, M 2008, Maps and legends, McSweeney’s Books, San
Francisco.
Deni Green Consulting Services 2008, Capital idea: realising value
from environmental and social performance, Deni Green Consulting
Services, North Carlton, Victoria.
Gordon, M 2009, Manual of nursing diagnosis, Jones & Bartlett Publishers, Sudbury, Mass.
Author’s family name,
followed by a comma and
initial(s) of any given
names, or authoring body.
Publisher, followed
by a comma.
Year of publication,
followed by a comma.
Title of book in italics, followed by a comma.
Use upper case for the first letter in the title
and lower case for the rest unless referring to
names or places, i.e. Lawrence of Arabia.
Place of publication. If more than one place of
publication is listed, give only the first listed. If there
is another place with the same name, or if the place is
little known, add the state or country (abbreviated),
e.g. Texas, Qld, or Tully, Qld. Full stop at the end.
Developed by Language and Learning Advisers and Librarians © UniSA, January 2013 9
Type of reference In-text reference examples Reference list examples Further information
Book with 2 or 3
authors
Campbell, Fox and de Zwart
(2010, p. 46) argue…
…alternatives are preferable
(Campbell, Fox & de Zwart 2010,
p. 46).
Campbell, E, Fox, R & de Zwart, M 2010, Students’ guide to legal
writing, law exams and self assessment, 3rd edn, Federation Press,
Sydney.
When multiple authors’
names are included
within your sentence
(not in brackets) use
the full spelling of ‘and’.
When the authors’
names are in brackets
or in the reference list,
use ‘&’.
Book with 4 or more
authors
As suggested by Henkin et al.
(2006, p. 14)…
…has been suggested (Henkin et
al. 2006, p. 14).
Henkin, RE, Bova, D, Dillehay, GL, Halama, JR, Karesh, SM, Wagner, RH
& Zimmer, MZ 2006, Nuclear medicine, 2nd edn, Mosby Elsevier,
Philadelphia.
When there are 4 or
more authors, only use
the first author’s name
in-text followed by the
abbreviation et al. But
include all names in the
reference list.
Book with no date or
an approximate date
This is emphasized by Seah (n.d.)
when…
This is emphasised by Seah (c.
2005) when…
Seah, R n.d., Micro-computer applications, Microsoft Press, Redmond,
Washington.
Seah, R c. 2005, Micro-computer applications, Microsoft Press,
Redmond, Washington.
If there is no date use
n.d.
If there is an
approximate date use c.
(this means ‘circa’ –
Latin for
‘around/about’).
2nd or later edition of
a book
Bordwell and Thompson (2009,
p. 33) explain…
…components of filmmaking
(Bordwell & Thompson 2009, p.
33).
Bordwell, D & Thompson, K 2009, Film art: an introduction, 9th edn,
Mc-Graw Hill, New York.
The edition number
comes directly after the
title in the reference
list.
Edition is not
mentioned in-text.
Translated book Kristeva (1995) has achieved
great currency since its
translation.
…is argued as the reason for this
tension (Kristeva 1995).
Kristeva, J 1995, New maladies of the soul, trans. R Guberman,
Columbia University Press, New York.
The translator’s name is
not referenced in-text –
it only appears after the
title in the reference
list.
Developed by Language and Learning Advisers and Librarians © UniSA, January 2013 10
Edited book
Type of reference In-text reference examples Reference list examples Further information
Edited (ed.), revised
(rev.) or compiled
(comp.) book
Morrison (ed. 2010) questions
whether…
It is not clear whether this point
supports his previous assertions
(ed. Morrison 2010).
Morrison, D (ed.) 2010, The Cambridge companion to Socrates,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
When the editor’s
name is included
within your sentence
(not in brackets)
place ed. in the
brackets following
their name. When
the editor’s name is
in brackets, put ed.
before their name.
Edited (ed.), revised
(rev.) or compiled
(comp.) book with 2 or
3 editors
Kronenberg, Pollard and
Sakellariou (eds 2011) are
interested in providing a
framework for…
…is included in this framework
(eds Kronenberg, Pollard &
Sakellariou 2011).
Kronenberg, F, Pollard, N & Sakellariou, D (eds) 2011, Occupational
therapies without borders: towards an ecology of occupation-based
practices, vol. 2, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, Edinburgh.
When editors’ names
are included within
your sentence (not in
brackets) use the full
spelling of ‘and’.
When their names
are in brackets or in
the reference list,
use ‘&’.
Note the use of ‘eds’
(no full stop) for
multiple editors.
Edited book with 4 or
more editors
In their collection of essays,
Barnett et al. (eds 2006)
explore…
…is explored throughout (eds
Barnett et al. 2006).
Barnett, T, Bierbaum, N, Harrex, S, Hosking, R & Tulloch, G (eds) 2006,
London was full of rooms, Lythrum Press, Adelaide.
When there are 4 or
more editors, only
use the first editor’s
name in-text
followed by the
abbreviation et al.
But include all names
in the reference list.
Developed by Language and Learning Advisers and Librarians © UniSA, January 2013 11
Chapter in an edited book
Basic format:
Author’s family name, Initial(s) OR Authoring body year, ‘Title of chapter’, in Editor’s Initial(s) plus family name (ed.), Title of book, Publisher, Place of
publication, pp. x–xx.
Type of reference In-text reference examples Reference list examples Further information
Chapter in an edited
book
Abbott (2010, p. 32) believes the
horror blockbuster…
…influential theory (Naremore
2004, p. 11).
Abbott, S 2010, ‘High concept thrills and chills: the horror
blockbuster’, in I Conrich (ed.), Horror zone: the cultural experience of
contemporary horror cinema, I.B. Tauris, London, pp. 27–44.
Naremore, J 2004, ‘Authorship’, in T Miller & R Stam (eds), A
companion to film theory, Blackwell Publishing, Malden, pp. 9–24.
Use the chapter
author in your in-text
reference.
In the reference list
the editor comes
after the chapter
title and is preceded
by ‘in’. Note the
exception to the
order of initials for
editors– for chapters
put the editor’s
initial(s) before
family name.
Burt, R 2010, ‘All that remains of the Shakespeare play in Indian film’, in YL Lan & D Kennedy (eds),
Shakespeare in Asia: contemporary performance, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 73–108.
Author’s family name,
followed by a comma and
initial(s) of any given
names, or authoring body.
Initial(s) and family name of
the book’s editor, followed by
(ed.) for one editor and (eds)
for multiple editors.
Year of publication,
followed by a comma.
Title of the chapter in single inverted commas,
followed by a comma. Use upper case for the
first letter of the title and lower case for the
rest unless referring to names or places.
Page numbers of the chapter,
with an En dash (–) between the
numbers. Full stop at the end.
Title of book in italics, followed
by a comma. See details above
for formatting book titles.
Publisher, followed
by a comma.
Place of publication, followed
by a comma. See details above
for citing place of publication.
Developed by Language and Learning Advisers and Librarians © UniSA, January 2013 12
Journal article
Basic format:
Author’s family name, Initial(s) OR Authoring body year, ‘Title of article’, Title of Journal, vol. x, no. x, pp. x–xx.
Type of reference In-text reference examples Reference list examples Further information
Journal article O’Hara (2009, p. 1548)
supports…
Wolff and Perry (2010, p. 296)
note…
…marked trends (Wolff & Perry
2010, p. 296).
O’Hara, MJ 2009, ‘Flood basalts, basalt floods or topless bushvelds?
Lunar petrogenesis revisited’, Journal of Petrology, vol. 41, no. 11, pp.
1545–1651.
Wolff, H & Perry, L 2010, ‘Trends in clean air legislation in Europe:
particulate matter and low emission zones’, Review of Environmental
Economics and Policy, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 293–308.
Follow the examples
provided in the Books
section re: varying
number of authors.
Whittemore, R 2009, ‘How can nursing intervention research reduce the research-practice gap?’,
Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 7–15.
Author’s family name, followed by
a comma and initial(s) of any given
names, or authoring body.
Title of the journal in italics,
followed by a comma. Use capital
letters at the start of all key words.
Year of publication,
followed by a comma.
Title of the article in single inverted
commas, followed by a comma. Use
upper case for the first letter of the
title and lower case for the rest unless
referring to names or places.
Page numbers of the article,
with an En dash (–) between the
numbers. Full stop at the end.
Volume of the journal,
followed by a comma.
Number of the issue,
followed by a comma.
Developed by Language and Learning Advisers and Librarians © UniSA, January 2013 13
Magazine article
Type of reference In-text reference examples Reference list examples Further information
Magazine article Giedroyc and Reed (2012, p. 25)
compare…
…equivalent musicians (Giedroyc
& Reed 2012, p. 25).
…living legend (McEachen 2011,
p. 82).
Giedroyc, M & Reed, B 2012, ‘Was Lennon really a genius?’, The
Spectator, 6 October, pp. 24–6.
McEachen, B 2011, ‘Dante on Dante’, Empire, no. 127, pp. 82–6.
Wolff, R 2012, ‘Warhol Warhol everywhere’, ARTnews, vol. 111, no. 8,
pp. 76–81.
Publication
information will vary
between magazines:
some have volume
and/or issue numbers,
while others show the
month or date of
publication. See
examples provided.
Magazine article with
no author
The Economist (2012, p. 86)
highlights…
…complex situation (The
Economist 2012, p. 86).
The Economist 2012, ‘Reforming LIBOR: the $300 trillion question’,
vol. 404, no. 8804, p. 86.
If a magazine article
has no author, cite the
magazine title as
author.
Newspaper article
Type of reference In-text reference examples Reference list examples Further information
Newspaper article Westwood (2012, p. 15) states…
…in contemporary literature
(Westwood 2012, p. 15).
Westwood, M 2012, ‘Welcome into an exclusive fold’, Australian, 4
September, p. 15.
Omit initial The in
English language
newspaper titles, e.g.
The Australian.
Newspaper article
with no author
The Australian Financial Review
(22 October 2012, p. 46)
examines…
…big change (Australian Financial
Review 22 October 2012, p. 46).
Australian Financial Review 2012, ‘US comes to a turning point’, 22
October, p. 46.
If a newspaper article
has no author, cite the
newspaper title as
author and include the
specific date of
publication in brackets
in-text.
Developed by Language and Learning Advisers and Librarians © UniSA, January 2013 14
Government publication
Type of reference In-text reference examples Reference list examples Further information
Australian Bureau of
Statistics (ABS)
publication
According to the Australian
Bureau of Statistics (ABS) (2010),
the national…
…concerning figures (ABS 2010).
Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) 2010, Measures of Australia’s
progress 2010, cat. no. 1370.0, ABS, Canberra.
If you cite the
authoring body
frequently in-text,
introduce the
organisation name in
abbreviated form in
brackets after the
first citation. Use this
abbreviation for
subsequent citations,
e.g. (HREOC 2012).
Government report …valuable future strategies
(Bradley et al. 2008, p. 39).
The Human Rights and Equal
Opportunity Commission
(HREOC) (1997, p. 18)
recommended…
…arrived at these
recommendations (HREOC 1997,
p. 18).
Bradley, D, Noonan, P, Nugent, H & Scales, B 2008, Review of
Australian higher education, Australian Government, Canberra.
Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (HREOC) 1997,
Bringing them home: report of the national inquiry into the separation
of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children from their families,
HREOC, Canberra.
Legal publication
Type of reference In-text reference examples Reference list examples Further information
Legislation: Acts,
Ordinances,
Regulations
…inconsistent legislation was
overridden (Racial Discrimination
Act 1975).
Classification (Publications, Films and Computer Games) (R 18+ Films)
Amendment Act 2009 (SA).
Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cwlth).
Cite in this format no
matter where you
found it. Do not
include URLs for
legislation found
online.
Legal case In the case of Mabo v Queensland
(no. 2) (1992) 175 CLR1, it was…
Mabo v Queensland (no. 2) (1992) 175 CLR1. Cite in this format no
matter where you
found it. Do not
include URLs for
cases found online.
Developed by Language and Learning Advisers and Librarians © UniSA, January 2013 15
Patent or standard
Type of reference In-text reference examples Reference list examples Further information
Patent Gordon (2002) took out a patent
on…
…design was patented (Gordon
2002).
Gordon, MC 2002, Sound muffling sleep mask, US Patent D465,234 S.
Standard Standards Association of Australia
(1996) provides…
…covering colours (Standards
Association of Australia 1996).
Standards Association of Australia 1996, Colour standards for general
purposes: chocolate, AS 2700S-1996 (X64), Standards Australia, North
Sydney.
Dictionary, encyclopaedia or handbook (reference works)
Type of reference In-text reference examples Reference list examples Further information
Dictionary or
encyclopaedia
without author(s) or
editor(s)
The Hutchinson encyclopaedia
(2007, p. 233) defines…
According to the Longman
dictionary of contemporary
English (2009, p. 152)…
For a standard
dictionary with no
core author(s) or
editor(s), only cite in-text.
Dictionary or
encyclopaedia with
author(s) or editor(s)
Blackburn (2005, p. 66)
describes…
… idiosyncratic filmmaker
(Thomson 2010, p. 20).
Blackburn, S 2005, The Oxford dictionary of philosophy, 2nd edn,
Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Thomson, D 2010, The new biographical dictionary of film, 5th edn,
Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
Cite specialist
dictionaries or
encyclopaedias with
core author(s) or
editor(s) like
traditional books.
Handbook Denzin (2011) advises…
…is advised (Denzin 2011).
Denzin, NK 2011, The SAGE handbook of qualitative research, 4th edn,
SAGE, Thousand Oaks.
Developed by Language and Learning Advisers and Librarians © UniSA, January 2013 16
Conference paper or thesis
Type of reference In-text reference examples Reference list examples Further information
Conference paper
(in published
proceedings)
Johnson (2009, p. 143)
identifies…
…praised his confidence (Johnson
2009, p. 143).
Johnson, L 2009, ‘”Nobler in the mind”: the emergence of early
modern anxiety’, in P Goodall (ed.), Refereed proceedings of the 2009
AULLA conference: the human and the humanities in literature,
language and culture, Australasian Universities Language and
Literature Association, pp. 141–56.
To cite a whole book
of conference
proceedings, follow
the format for citing
an edited book.
Thesis Savvas (2009, p. 8) offers…
…asset of virility (Savvas 2009, p.
8).
Savvas, MX 2009, ‘The crime novel as a vehicle for reconciliation’, PhD
thesis, Flinders University, Adelaide.
Do not italicise thesis
titles like standard
books; instead, place
them inside inverted
commas.
Miscellaneous
Type of reference In-text reference examples Reference list examples Further information
Pamphlet or brochure
(ephemera)
Beyondblue (2010) suggests…
…exercise caution (State Crime
Prevention Branch 2009).
Beyondblue 2010, Sleeping well, Beyondblue, Hawthorn West, Vic.
State Crime Prevention Branch 2009, Personal safety, South Australia
Police, Government of South Australia, Adelaide.
As details will vary
when it comes to
brochures and
pamphlets, try and
extract as much
information as you
can re: authorship,
publication details
etc.
Lecture notes or slides …valuable steps (Simic 2012). Simic, Z 2012, ‘Annotated readings: approaching the task’, POLI 1014,
University of South Australia, Adelaide, 7 August.
Verify with your
tutor or course
coordinator whether
it is appropriate to
cite lecture notes in
your academic
writing.
Developed by Language and Learning Advisers and Librarians © UniSA, January 2013 17
Online (electronic)
Includes any materials created for publication online or electronically
Webpage or website
Basic format:
Author’s family name, Initial(s) OR Authoring body year, Title of webpage or website, Website (if citing webpage) AND/OR Publisher if known, date viewed,
<URL>.
Type of reference In-text reference examples Reference list examples Further information
Whole website The Department of Immigration
and Citizenship (2012) takes…
… main role (Department of
Immigration and Citizenship
2012).
Department of Immigration and Citizenship 2012, Department of
Immigration and Citizenship, Australian Government, viewed 6
November 2012, <http://www.immi.gov.au/>.
Italicise the focal
point of the
reference: if citing a
whole website,
italicise the website
title; if citing a
specific webpage on
a website, italicise
the webpage and
present the website
name in plain font.
Single page on a
website
…viable options (Department of
Immigration and Citizenship
2012).
Department of Immigration and Citizenship 2012, Permanent visa
options for doctors, Department of Immigration and Citizenship,
Australian Government, viewed 6 November 2012,
<http://www.immi.gov.au/skilled/medical-practitioners/permanent-visas.htm>.
Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency 2012, Adapting to climate change, Australian
Government, viewed 6 November 2012,
<http://www.climatechange.gov.au/en/government/adapt.aspx>.
Author’s family name,
followed by a comma and
initial(s) of any given
names, or authoring body.
The website’s title (if
referencing a single
webpage) in plain font
followed by a comma,
and/or the page/site’s
publisher if known,
followed by a comma.
Year of publication,
followed by a comma.
Title of webpage or website in
italics, followed by a comma.
Full internet address (URL) enclosed in angle
brackets (< >). Full stop at the end. The URL
should not be underlined or hyperlinked.
Date the page/site
was viewed, followed
by a comma.
Developed by Language and Learning Advisers and Librarians © UniSA, January 2013 18
Online journal article
Type of reference In-text reference examples Reference list examples Further information
Journal article
accessed via a library
database
Boon (2011) examines…
…potent subtext (Boon 2011, p.
181).
Boon, KA 2011, ‘Ethics and capitalism in the screenplays of David
Mamet’, Literature Film Quarterly, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 174–89.
When an article is
accessed using an
electronic database,
reference it as a
standard journal
article (see Print
section): do not
include date viewed,
URL, or refer to the
database.
PDF version of a print
journal article
accessed via the
internet (e.g. Google,
Google Scholar, Muse,
JSTOR)
Werstine (1999, p. 311) laments…
…inherently flawed (Werstine
1999, p. 311).
Werstine, P 1999, ‘A century of “bad” Shakespeare quartos’,
Shakespeare Quarterly, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 310–33.
When the article is a
scanned PDF version
of a print journal
article that you
found online,
reference it as a
standard journal
article (see Print
section). If unsure
about its print or
online origin, include
date viewed and
URL.
Journal article from an
electronic journal’s
own website
Blamires (2012) writes…
…in nursing (Murray 2012, p. 57).
Blamires, A 2012, ‘Homoerotic pleasure and violence in the drama of
Thomas Middleton’, Early Modern Literary Studies, vol. 16, no. 2,
viewed 11 November 2012, <http://extra.shu.ac.uk/emls/16-2/blammidd.htm>.
Murray, N 2012, ‘A report on a pilot English language intervention
model for undergraduate trainee nurses’, Journal of Academic
Language and Learning, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 48–63, viewed 7 December,
<http://journal.aall.org.au/index.php/jall/article/view/135/128>.
When an article is
accessed directly
from the e-journal’s
own website, include
date viewed and
URL. Note that
conventions for
volume, issue, and
pagination may vary
between online
journals.
Developed by Language and Learning Advisers and Librarians © UniSA, January 2013 19
Online news item
Type of reference In-text reference examples Reference list examples Further information
Article on a news
website
Day (2012) suggests…
…marked trends (Day 2012).
Day, K 2012, ‘Can social media predict the US election?’, Telegraph, 5
November, viewed 7 November 2012,
<http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/us-election/9657081/Can-social-media-predict-the-US-election.html>.
Reference like a print
newspaper article
with date of
publication, and also
include date viewed
and URL.
Article on a magazine-style website
Walsh (2012) forecasts…
…found it lacking (Williams 2012).
Walsh, B 2012, ‘Climate change and Sandy: why we need to prepare
for a warmer world’, Time, 30 October, viewed 5 November 2012,
<http://science.time.com/2012/10/30/climate-change-and-sandy-why-we-need-to-prepare-for-a-warmer-world/>.
Williams, MA 2012, ‘Romney’s concession speech was not gracious’,
Salon, 7 November, viewed 10 November 2012,
<http://www.salon.com/2012/11/07/romneys_concession_speech_w
as_not_gracious/>.
Reference like a print
magazine article, and
also include date
viewed and URL.
E-book or online document
Type of reference In-text reference examples Reference list examples Further information
E-book accessed via
the internet
Trochim (2006) maintains… Trochim, WM 2006, The research methods knowledge base, 3
rd
edn,
Web Centre for Social Research Methods, viewed 25 November 2010,
<http://socialresearchmethods.net/kb/htm>.
Include viewing date
and URL after
standard publication
information.
E-book accessed via a
database
…important HR strategies
(Armstrong 2012, p. 25).
Armstrong, M 2012, Armstrong’s handbook of human resource
management practice, 12
th
edn, Kogan Page, London, viewed 26
November 2012, EBSCO Host.
Include the viewing
date and database
name/provider after
standard publication
information.
E-book accessed via
an e-reader (e.g.
Kindle)
Skloot (2010, ch. 7) notes the
importance of…
…value of research (Cooper &
White 2012, ch. 1).
Skloot, R 2010, The immortal life of Henrietta Lacks, Kindle, Random
House, New York.
Cooper, K & White, RE 2012, Qualitative research in the post-modern
era: contexts of qualitative research, Kindle, Springer, Dordrecht.
Include device type
before publication
information. When
normal pagination is
not present, cite
chapter numbers
(ch. ) or similar.
Developed by Language and Learning Advisers and Librarians © UniSA, January 2013 20
Type of reference In-text reference examples Reference list examples Further information
Online documents in
PDF, Word or Excel
form
…related to the university’s
future (University of South
Australia (UniSA) 2010, p. 7).
…striving for innovation (UniSA
2010, p. 12).
University of South Australia 2010, Horizon 2020, UniSA, viewed 26
November 2012,
<http://w3.unisa.edu.au/horizon2020/files/HORIZON_2020_highRes.
pdf>.
Lucas, M 2011, Parallel collisions: 12
th
Adelaide biennial of Australian
art, Art Gallery of South Australia, viewed 25 November 2012,
<http://artgallery.sa.gov.au/agsa/home/Media/docs/Past_media_rele
ases/2012_Adelaide_Biennial_Annoucement_MR_FINAL.pdf>.
If you cite the
authoring body
frequently in-text,
introduce and then
use an abbreviation
for subsequent
citations, e.g. (UniSA
2010).
Miscellaneous
Type of reference In-text reference examples Reference list examples Further information
Systematic review
(e.g. Cochrane
Library)
Millward et al. (2009) review…
…was found in the review
(Millward et al. 2009).
Millward, C, Ferriter, M, Calver, SJ & Connell-Jones, GG 2009, Gluten-
and casein-free diets for autistic spectrum disorder, Cochrane
Database of Systematic Reviews, art. no. CD003498, DOI:
10.1002/14651858.CD003498.pub3.
Include the article
number and the DOI.
The URL is not
needed in the
reference list.
Electronic thesis McVey (2011) argues…
…of morbidity (Foley 2011, p. 24).
McVey, P 2011, ‘A palliative approach for people with declining health
living in hostel accommodation’, PhD thesis, University of Sydney,
Sydney, viewed 8 January 2013,
<http://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/bitstream/2123/8141/1/P%2cMcVey
%202011%20PhD%20Thesis.pdf>.
Foley, D 2011, ‘Emergency care of people with intellectual disability’,
PhD thesis, University of South Australia, Adelaide, UniSA Research
Archive.
Theses formerly
housed in the
Australian Digital
Theses Collection are
now accessible
through the National
Library of Australia’s
Trove service.
Conference paper (in
online proceedings)
…important claim (Johnson
2009).
Johnson, L 2009, ‘”Nobler in the mind”: the emergence of early
modern anxiety’, in P Goodall (ed.), Refereed proceedings of the 2009
AULLA conference: the human and the humanities in literature,
language and culture, Australasian Universities Language and
Literature Association, pp. 141–56, viewed 7 December 2012,
<http://aulla.com.au/AULLA%202009,%20Proceedings.pdf>.
Developed by Language and Learning Advisers and Librarians © UniSA, January 2013 21
Type of reference In-text reference examples Reference list examples Further information
Email
correspondence
Harper confirmed this by email
on 2 November 2012.
Do not create
reference list entries
for emails: include all
details in-text. Also
get approval from
the email’s author.
Social networking
update (e.g. Twitter,
Facebook)
In response to Eastwood’s jabs,
Obama (2012) tweeted…
Obama, B 2012, ‘This seat’s taken’, BarackObama, Twitter, 31 August,
viewed 5 November 2012,
<https://mobile.twitter.com/BarackObama/status/241392153148915
712>.
Messages posted to
discussion boards,
lists, newsgroups
Patterson (2009) acknowledged
this in a posting on the…
Patterson, S <patters@rockets.com.au> 2009, ‘Something’s got to
give’, list server, National Association of Sceptics, 29 January, viewed 7
September 2012, <http://www.nsa.net.au/listserv/>.
Identify the type of
post (e.g. list server,
blog post) after the
title of post.
Put the title of post
in single quotation
marks and the name
of the whole blog in
italics.
Blog post …clear concerns (de Zwart 2012). de Zwart, M 2012, ‘NRL v Optus in the full federal court: victory for
Telstra’, blog post, Bram’s pyre, 30 April, viewed 7 December 2012,
<http://bramspyre.blogspot.com.au/2012/04/nrl-v-optus-in-full-federal-court.html>.
Developed by Language and Learning Advisers and Librarians © UniSA, January 2013 22
Sound and Visual
Includes any materials created for film, television or audio. Please note in most cases you need to include the format of your source in your
reference list entry.
Film or television
Type of reference In-text reference examples Reference list examples Further information
Film (cinema release) Django Unchained (Tarantino
2012) depicts…
Anderson, PT (dir.) 2012, The master, motion picture, Weinstein
Company.
Tarantino, Q (dir.) 2012, Django unchained, motion picture, Weinstein
Company.
Cite a film’s director
(dir.) as main author.
Where directors are
not identified, cite
the producer (prod.)
or authoring
company.
Film on DVD, Blu-Ray,
videotape, iTunes etc
Hugo (Scorsese 2011) presents
Méliès’ as…
Scorsese, M (dir.) 2011, Hugo, DVD, Paramount.
Television program An episode of Dateline (SBS 2012)
examines…
SBS 2012, Dateline, television program, SBS, 6 November.
Cite a program’s
director (dir.) as
main author. Where
directors are not
identified, cite the
producer (prod.) or
authoring company
instead.
For TV transmissions,
include channel and
screening date in
your reference list
entry. If year of
screening differs
from the year of
production, include
year of screening in
the screening date.
Episode of a television
program/series
56 Up (Apted 2012) chronicles… Apted, M (dir.) 2012, 56 up, ep. 2, television program, SBS, 6
November.
Coulter, A (dir.) 2010, ‘Paris green’, Boardwalk empire, television
program, SBS, 3 November 2012.
Episode of a television
program/series on
DVD, Blu-Ray,
videotape, iTunes etc
In season two’s penultimate
episode ‘Blackwater’ (Marshall
2012), the…
Marshall, N (dir.) 2012, ‘Blackwater’, Game of thrones: the complete
second season, DVD, HBO.
Developed by Language and Learning Advisers and Librarians © UniSA, January 2013 23
Miscellaneous
Type of reference In-text reference examples Reference list examples Further information
YouTube clip or
program
A short video by the Business
Writing Centre and Technology
Centre (2008) provides…
…is discouraged (Business Writing
Centre and Technology Centre
2008).
Business Writing Centre and Technology Centre 2008, Your writing,
not someone else’s, video, YouTube, 23 January, viewed 25 November
2012, <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sQGBhZ0ov6o>.
Use this format for
other online clips or
programs from sites
like Vimeo,
Dailymotion et al.
Music recording on
CD, iTunes etc
Palmer (2011) explores the
theme of…
Palmer, A 2011, Amanda Palmer goes down under, CD, Liberator
Music.
Podcast …identified as his strongest works
(McWeeny & Weinberg 2010).
McWeeny, D & Weinberg, S 2010, Motion/captured podcast: John
Carpenter special, podcast, Hitfix, 26 October, accessed 11 November
2012, <http://www.hitfix.com/blogs/motion-captured/posts/listen-a-special-podcast-tribute-to-john-carpenter-with-guest-scott-weinberg>.
When podcasts are
downloaded or
streamed from
iTunes, write iTunes
instead of URL.
Radio program …key concerns (Adams 2012). Adams, P 2012, ‘Immigrant nations’, Late night live, radio program,
ABC Radio, 10 October.
Lecture recording …valuable steps (Simic 2012). Simic, Z 2012, ‘Annotated readings: approaching the task’, POLI 1014,
University of South Australia, Adelaide, 7 August.
Verify with your
tutor or course
coordinator whether
it is appropriate to
cite a lecture
recording in your
academic writing.
CD-ROM …valuable tool (Oxford University
Press 2010).
Oxford University Press 2010, Oxford advanced learner’s dictionary, 8
th
edn, CD-ROM, OUP, Oxford.
Video game Halo: reach (Bungie 2010), a
prequel to…
Bungie 2010, Halo: reach, video game, Xbox 360, Microsoft Game
Studios.
For most video
games, cite the
developing company
as author.
Computer program … program was developed
(MathWorks 2010).
MathWorks 2010, MATLAB, ver. 7.11, computer program, The
MathWorks Inc., Natick, Mass.
Developed by Language and Learning Advisers and Librarians © UniSA, January 2013 24
Other
Includes miscellaneous materials
Type of reference In-text reference examples Reference list examples Further information
Artwork (e.g. painting,
sculpture)
Piccinini’s 2005 sculpture Big
Mother, housed in the Art
Gallery of South Australia,
presents…
Works of art and live
performances
cannot be easily
recovered by
readers, so describe
them in detail in-text instead of
referencing.
Live performance (e.g.
theatre, speech)
The State Theatre Company of
South Australia’s 2012
production of In the next room;
or the vibrator play drew…
Personal
communication (e.g.
letters, conversation)
… as reported in private
correspondence on 31
October…
Do not create
references for
correspondence or
conversations:
describe in-text.
Image/diagram/artwork
from a print source
Modes of support (Hussin 2007,
p. 365).
Hussin, V 2007, ‘Supporting off-shore students: a preliminary study’,
Innovations in Education Teaching International, vol. 44, no. 4, pp.
363–76.
Cite the source
where the image
was located using
the standard format
for that source.
Image/diagram/artwork
from an online source
Neil Armstrong (NASA 2008).
NASA 2008, Image of the day gallery: a man on the moon, NASA, 23
March, viewed 27 November 2012,
<http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_369a.
html>.
Cite the source
where the image
was located using
the standard format
for that source.
Map According to the map of the
region (Department of
Employment, Economic
Development and Innovations
Queensland 2010) there are…
Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovations
Queensland 2010, Queensland’s mineral, petroleum and energy
operations and resources, Department of Mines and Energy
Queensland, Brisbane.
If the map is derived
from an Atlas, cite
the Atlas in standard
book format.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Generic websites Tailored online materials Email service In- country programs CD- Roms Online language courses Video, book + WebCT LAS in- country staff
Number of Institutions
Modes of Support
Unrate
d
Not
Effectiv
e
Developed by Learning Advisers and Librarians © UniSA, January 2011
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