Lab Report, Health sciences and medicine

Lab Report, Health sciences and medicine
EXPERIMENT TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS SUBSTANCES ON THE RATE OF SODIUM, POTASSIUM & URINE EXCRETION IN THE HUMAN
Project description
Your report should be written in the format of a journal article. As an approximate guide 
to the format of your write-up, please refer to the paper “A Study of Academic Dishonesty 
Among Students at Two Pharmacy Schools” by Aggarwal et al., The Pharmaceutical Journal, 
2002, vol 269, pp529-533, available in the Learning Materials section on Student Central. 
The report, which should be typed, written in the past tense and impersonal, should 
consist of the following sections: 
 
Abstract (approximately 250 words) 
Briefly outline the aims of the practical, methodology, results (including specific 
significant data where appropriate) and conclusions. 
 
Introduction and Aims (approximately 100 words) 
Provide a brief background to the study and list the main aims of the experiment. 
 
Materials and Methods (approximately 500 words) 
Include a brief description of the materials and methodology used in sufficient detail to 
allow the study to be replicated. What kind of study was this? What groups were used? 
How many subjects were in each group? Who were excluded from participating? What 
about subjects who didn?t want to take alcohol? How were the treatments allocated? This 
section should also include a brief description of the method used to convert the Na+ and 
K+ raw data (see below) and also the statistical tests used (see below). 
 
Results (500-1,000 words) 
(i) Complete the Data tables based on the Excel datasheet provided on Student Central 
should be provided. Use the combined raw data supplied by members of three groups. 
 
These tables should also show the conversion of the Na+ and K+ data from Concentrations 
(mM or mmol/L) to Output (mmol), based on the urine production every 30 min as 
discussed in the lab class – you must do this for your Na+ and K+ data to make any sense. 
Calculate the mean values for each group at each time point. Also calculate standard 
deviations (Std Dev) and state the number of subjects in each group (N). Please provide a 
copy of the complete data table as part of your report – this will allow me to provide 
feedback if there are any errors in your calculations. 
 
NOTE: Please include this table in an Appendix at the end of your report (as this form of 
data analysis is not normally seen in a research article but we?re asking you to provide it 
to aid our marking). 
 
(ii) Perform the statistical analysis of the data using relevant t-tests (paired, unpaired) 
as described at the end of the practical class. You can use Excel, SPSS or Minitab to do this. 
 
Specifically, you need to check if: 
(a) there is a significant change in any parameter measured at 30 min and 150 min (urine 
volume, cumulative urine, Na+ output, K+ output) and 
(b) there is a significant difference between the values for orange juice, alcohol and 
furosemide data obtained at 150 min. 
 
Provide summary tables of the statistical analysis of the data (P values only). Avoid’ data-dumping? i.e. pages of unnecessary statistical information downloaded from SPSS, etc. You could highlight any significant changes (i.e. groups where P < 0.05). 
NOTE: Please include this table in an Appendix at the end of your report (as this form of 
data analysis is not normally seen in a research article but we?re asking you to provide it 
to aid our marking). 
 
(iii) Draw and provide the 4 graphs as described at the end of the practical: 
(a) the average urine output in mL every 30 min 
(b) the average cumulative urine output in mL every 30 min 
(c) the average Na+ output in mmol every 30 min 
(d) the average K+ output in mmol every 30 min 
Ideally these should indicate any significant changes between groups as discovered 
during your statistical analysis which can be shown on your graphs using symbols (e.g. #) 
 
(iv) Provide a commentary of your results. Look at each graph and associated statistical 
analysis and describe what they show. Bear in mind that there may not be a significant 
change where you would expect one but look for any trends and comment on this. 
 
 
Discussion (500-1,000 words) 
This should include a brief re-iteration of each result together with a discussion of the 
reasons for the result. Discuss the results from the experiment in the light of your 
knowledge of renal physiology and pharmacology. The discussion material can be based 
on information obtained from my lectures, text books, scientific publications or even the 
academic sources on the Internet (but be sure that your source is scientifically accurate). 
You need to show that you understand how furosemide works in a different way to 
alcohol, but also note that the 1L orange squash taken by all the volunteers may also have a 
diuretic action – why? How could this experiment have been improved? Improvements to 
the study design here can be discussed here. 
 
Conclusions (maximum 100 words) 
A brief conclusions section should be included summarising the most important findings 
of the study. Any clinical relevance can be mentioned here. Is furosemide a good diuretic? 
 
References – All sources of information used in the completion of this report should be 
cited within the text and appear in the reference list at the end of the report. Please refer to 
journal articles for examples of accurate and precise formatting of the references and use a 
consistent style in your report. The research article provided can be used for guidance. 
 
Appendix – This should include 
(1) The completed Excel tables of raw and processed data 
(2) The tables of P values obtained from your statistical analysis

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