(6) 1.
Briefly describe
one
method for
calculating
the distance to stars
or galaxies (a sketch
might be helpful).
(6) 2.
a)
Two of the
main constituents
(elements, compounds or gase
s; greatest percentage of
air) in the Earth’s atmosphere are: (
circle two
choices
)
a. neon
b. oxygen
c. hydrogen
d. helium
e. nitrogen
b)
What is
one
of the
significant
trace
(very small % of atmosphere, but has significant
effect) elements (element, compound,
gas) in the Earth’s atmosphere?
2
(8) 3.
The Figure above, from Chapter 13 of the
textbook, shows the globa
l circulation pattern
for Earth’s atmosphere. A primary influenc
e is solar heating near the equator, and
relative cooling in the polar regions. The wide arrows show surface winds. The thin
arrows (within the cells) show both su
rface winds and higher altitude winds.
a)
Explain
how this pattern leads to the surface
trade winds
– both the
NE trade winds
in
the equatorial region (the equator to
about 30 degrees North) in the northern
hemisphere,
and
the
Westerlies –
trade winds in the mid-latitude region (about 30 to
60 degrees N) in the northern hemisphere.
b)
Refer again to the Figure above. We find
that desert regions (areas with very low
average precipitation) on Earth are located
near 30 degrees N (Sahara, Middle East,
southwestern US – Arizona and southern
California), and 30 degrees S latitude
(Patagonia/Chile, Kalahari/Sout
h Africa, western Australia
). How does the global
circulation pattern explain this distribution of desert regions?
3
(5) 4.
The seasons on the Earth are primarily caused by (
select one
answer
):
a.
The Earth is a much greater distance from
the Sun in the winter and therefore
receives less solar radiation.
b.
The polar regions are much farther from
the Sun than the equatorial regions and
therefore receive much less solar radiation.
c.
The 23 degree tilt of the Earth’s axis of rota
tion causes the Sun’s rays to be closer to
vertical in the northern hemisphere in
summer months and more oblique in the
winter months, and provides for longer day
light hours and thus more heating of the
atmosphere during summer months.
d.
During winter months, the moon is overhead during the daytime and its shadow
reduces solar radiat
ion to the Earth.
(5) 5.
On weather satellite views of the Earth,
we commonly observe circulation around low
pressure areas or systems much better than ar
ound high pressure areas or systems. This
fact may be explained by (
circle one
letter
):
a.
The air is circulating about a low pressu
re area, but is not circulating around a high
pressure area.
b.
Low pressure areas have more clouds
associated with them caused by moist,
ascending surface air. These clouds are visi
ble from the satellite photo and mark the
low pressure area.
c.
Clouds form more easily in the high pressu
re area making it difficult to see the
Earth’s surface.
(5) 6.
One of the energy sources for generation of a hurricane is the
latent heat of
condensation
. This process can be described as: (
circle one
answer
)
a.
Causes the wind to deflect to the right
by the Coriolis effect and therefore
clockwise (northern hemisphere)
around the low pressure region.
b.
Heats the air within the hurricane as
water vapor condenses to form clouds
and rain.
c.
Heats the air within the hurricane when rain water from the hurricane
evaporates.
d.
Heating of the air by evaporation of o
cean water as the hurricane is forming.
(6) 7.
What are
three
characteristics of a hurricane
that can cause significant damage?
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