Nursing

QUESTION 1
List the differences between narrative aggregated literature reviews and systematic reviews
QUESTION 2
According to the Joanna Briggs Institute, what level of evidence would you ascribe to:
a) a randomised controlled trial
b) a cohort study

Explain why the levels of evidence are different.
QUESTION 3
a) Identify the appropriate measurement scale for each of the following:
Variable Measurement Scale
Annual birth rate
Body temperature
Education level
pH
Country of birth
Ranking of journals in a category according to impact factor
Presence or absence of infection
Age

b) If you were collecting data on the above variables, which might you measure on a different scale? Which other scale

could you use? Identify one advantage and one disadvantage of measuring the variable in this way.

QUESTION 4
A class of 30 students received the following marks (expressed as percentages) for their overall assessment.
Student Mark Student Mark Student Mark
Jessica 78 Amandeep 85 Mohammed 77
Jianxia 60 Louisa 60 Yaping 73
Mark 82 David 76 Tracey 73
Herlina 52 Rebecca 70 Abdul 85
James 35 Mavilde 88 Melanie 62
Emily 77 Elise 50 Robert 24
Ramon 64 Mishal 77 Nawal 77
Hawa 87 Caroline 62 Diana 52
Julia 50 Zara 80 Peter 40
Simon 76 Sunit 51 Wendy 84

a) Calculate:
i) The mean
ii) The median
iii) The mode
b) What inference can you make about the distribution of marks?

c) What would be the most appropriate measure of:
i) central tendency
ii) dispersion

d) Grades are allocated in the following way:
Fail = 0-49; Pass = 50-59; Credit = 60-69; Distinction = 70-79; High distinction = 80-100
Construct a frequency distribution of the students’ grades. You may present this in table or graphic form.

e) What measurement scale does this represent?

QUESTION 5
You purchase batteries for your kitchen clock. The batteries have a mean life of 820 hours, with a standard deviation of

30 hours.
a) The batteries run out after 715 hours. Would you be entitled to a refund? Why?

b) What if the battery died after 780 hours?

QUESTION 6
James works in a paediatric surgical ward, where the majority of children are admitted for elective surgery. He is

concerned about the level of distress and anxiety children display on admission and the nursing staff, in conjunction

with the Play Therapy department and child psychologists, develop a package to prepare pre-school children for their

hospital experience. James wants to know whether this package will have an effect on children’s distress.
a) Generate a null hypothesis and an alternate (non-directional) hypothesis for James’s question
i) Null:
ii)Alternate:

b) What would be the ideal research design to answer this question? Give reasons.

c) What other design(s) could be used? Why might these be chosen in preference to the one identified above?

d) Identify the main ethical issue for this study.

James and his team carry out the study. They choose an objective measure of children’s distress – salivary cortisol,

measured in mcg/dl and expected to be normally distributed.
e) Identify :
i) the independent variable
ii) the dependent variable

f) What measurement will the researchers use to examine the effectiveness of the package?

g) What statistical test would be appropriate to test the hypothesis?

h) The test is performed and the result generated is p=0.03. Interpret the p-value.

i) What decision would you expect the researchers to make with respect to the null hypothesis ?
QUESTION 7
Nurses in an aged care facility are concerned about the incidence of urinary tract infections (UTI) among residents. They

wonder whether drinking cranberry juice daily will reduce the number of infections and plan a study to find out. They

enrol 240 residents, 120 in each arm. At the end of the study they find that 22 residents who receive cranberry juice

develop a UTI, compared with 31 in those who do not.
a) What would be the appropriate statistical test to determine whether this difference is significant?

From the figures we can see that the incidence of UTI in those receiving cranberry juice is 7.5% lower than in those not

receiving it (this is called the Absolute Risk Reduction or ARR). The researchers calculate that the 95% confidence

intervals around this number are -2.95 and 17.95.

b) Interpret the confidence intervals

d) What conclusion will the researchers make regarding the null hypothesis?
QUESTION 8
This question uses the Excel file in the Week 9 activities on Moodle.
a) How would you examine the relationship between the participants’ ages and the total attitude score?

b) Carry out the test you identified in part (a). [Hint: find it in the tab Formulas More functionsStatistical]. Record

the statistic generated by the calculation.

c) What can you conclude about the relationship between age and score?

QUESTION 9
Sarah is a Nurse Unit Manager in a busy Emergency Department. Her department has experienced an increase in workplace

violence in recent months and she is concerned about its effect on the nursing staff. She decides to do some research on

this topic using a qualitative approach, with a particular focus on nurses’ experiences of workplace violence and their

individual coping strategies.
a) Identify an appropriate methodology for this study and provide a rationale for its use.

b) Identify and provide the rationale for a suitable sampling strategy.

c) What data collection strategy/strategies would be most appropriate for this methodology? Give reasons.

d) What would be an appropriate method of data analysis for this methodology? Give reasons.

e) With reference to the principles of ethical conduct of research, identify the potential ethical problems with this

study. How could Sally overcome these?

f) Identify three (3) elements of trustworthiness and provide a specific example of how each could be achieved in this

study.
QUESTION 10
In the appendix at the end of this document you will find extracts from interview transcripts from a study examining the

experiences of lecturers at a UK university. “Susan” and “Fern” are pseudonyms for two of the study participants. The

specific question addressed in these extracts is “What are lecturers’ experiences of teaching various types of students?”
a) Comment on the type and content of the questions asked by the interviewer to the two participants.

b) What data is missing from these transcripts? [Hint: think about type of data as well as actual information] As a

researcher, how would you rectify this?

c) From the data, identify 2 themes that could contribute to answering the research question. Provide 3 examples of data

that would contribute to each theme.
QUESTION 11
a) Provide an example of each of the following :
i) a type of research study that would require written informed consent from the participants
ii) a type of study that would not require written consent

b) Explain why these types of studies have different requirements.

c) Provide an example of each of the following categories, and give reasons why the type of study would be categorised in

this way:
i) a type of study requiring approval by a full meeting of a Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC)

ii) a type of study that an HREC would classify as ‘low risk’
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