SPSS Output
Use the study information and SPSS output file provided to answer the questions listed. Answer must be in an APA formatted.
Study Description:
A college is interested in the differences between the various course delivery methods on their students’ statistical skills learning. Eight students are randomly selected from each of the following delivery methods from the introductory statistics courses offered: online, face-to-face, and hybrid (combination of online and face-to-face). All students are given a Statistical Skills Test (SST) at the end of the course, and these students’ scores are collected. This test is a 100 item test; each question is worth 1 pt. Though some speculate that the face-to-face delivery will result in higher scores than the other two groups, they will evaluate all possible differences.
Output file: See attached Document File Titled “Article SPP Output pdf”
Questions to answer: each area has been highlighted separately and answer separately:
Abstract
Introduction: very succinct with thesis statement
Summary and Analysis
Research Question – List the research question for the study.
Hypotheses – List the statistical notation and written explanations for the null and alternative hypotheses for the study.
Variables – Identify the variables and each of their attributes: discrete or continuous, quantitative or categorical, scale of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio), and independent or dependent.
Descriptive statistics – Write an overview of the descriptive statistics (1 paragraph), including the appropriate and necessary statistical results within sentences and in proper APA formatting. Be sure to provide sufficient explanation for any numbers presented. In addition, consider the following in your overview and conclusions:
o How many individuals participated in the study?
o How do the measures of central tendency and variability provide us with an overview of the characteristics and shape of the distribution for interval and ratio variables? What are these statistics? Why should we ignore and not report these measures for nominal and ordinal variables?
ANOVA – Write an overview of the results of the ANOVA (1-2 paragraphs plus ANOVA table), including the appropriate and necessary statistical results within sentences and in proper APA formatting. Be sure to provide sufficient explanation for any numbers presented and consider the following in your overview and conclusions:
o What type of ANOVA was conducted? Why?
o Should a post-hoc test have been conducted? Why or why not? If so, what were the results of this test?
o What do the results tell us about our hypotheses?
o What conclusions can we draw from these results? What conclusions can we NOT make using these results?
o What issues regarding how the data was collected, either in relation to ethics or research design, should be considered in the interpretation of the data?
Conclusion
References
Week 3 – SPSS Output
Data Entered
Participant Class
Statistical Skills Test
(SST)
1 Online 80
2 Online 90
3 Online 78
4 Online 85
5 Online 89
6 Online 77
7 Online 83
8 Online 83
9 Face-to-face 95
10 Face-to-face 83
11 Face-to-face 86
12 Face-to-face 92
13 Face-to-face 74
14 Face-to-face 84
15 Face-to-face 98
16 Face-to-face 79
17 Hybrid 87
18 Hybrid 81
19 Hybrid 91
20 Hybrid 82
21 Hybrid 75
22 Hybrid 88
23 Hybrid 76
24 Hybrid 86
Week 3 – SPSS Output
Descriptive Statistics
Statistics
Class type
Statistics Skills
Test
N Valid 24 24
Missing 0 0
Mean 2.00 84.25
Std. Error of Mean .170 1.284
Median 2.00 83.50
Mode 1
a
83
Std. Deviation .834 6.292
Variance .696 39.587
Skewness .000 .318
Std. Error of Skewness .472 .472
Kurtosis -1.568 -.366
Std. Error of Kurtosis .918 .918
Range 2 24
Minimum 1 74
Maximum 3 98
Percentiles 25 1.00 79.25
50 2.00 83.50
75 3.00 88.75
a. Multiple modes exist. The smallest value is shown
Week 3 – SPSS Output
Descriptives
Class type Statistic Std. Error
Statistics Skills Test Online Mean 83.13 1.684
95% Confidence Interval for
Mean
Lower Bound 79.14
Upper Bound 87.11
5% Trimmed Mean 83.08
Median 83.00
Variance 22.696
Std. Deviation 4.764
Minimum 77
Maximum 90
Range 13
Interquartile Range 10
Skewness .246 .752
Kurtosis -1.153 1.481
Face Mean 86.38 2.884
95% Confidence Interval for
Mean
Lower Bound 79.55
Upper Bound 93.20
5% Trimmed Mean 86.42
Median 85.00
Variance 66.554
Std. Deviation 8.158
Minimum 74
Maximum 98
Range 24
Interquartile Range 14
Skewness .015 .752
Kurtosis -.924 1.481
Hybrid Mean 83.25 2.033
95% Confidence Interval for
Mean
Lower Bound 78.44
Upper Bound 88.06
5% Trimmed Mean 83.28
Median 84.00
Variance 33.071
Std. Deviation 5.751
Minimum 75
Maximum 91
Range 16
Interquartile Range 11
Skewness -.310 .752
Kurtosis -1.203 1.481
Week 3 – SPSS Output
Frequency Tables
Class type
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Valid Online 8 33.3 33.3 33.3
Face 8 33.3 33.3 66.7
Hybrid 8 33.3 33.3 100.0
Total 24 100.0 100.0
Statistics Skills Test
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Valid 74 1 4.2 4.2 4.2
75 1 4.2 4.2 8.3
76 1 4.2 4.2 12.5
77 1 4.2 4.2 16.7
78 1 4.2 4.2 20.8
79 1 4.2 4.2 25.0
80 1 4.2 4.2 29.2
81 1 4.2 4.2 33.3
82 1 4.2 4.2 37.5
83 3 12.5 12.5 50.0
84 1 4.2 4.2 54.2
85 1 4.2 4.2 58.3
86 2 8.3 8.3 66.7
87 1 4.2 4.2 70.8
88 1 4.2 4.2 75.0
89 1 4.2 4.2 79.2
90 1 4.2 4.2 83.3
91 1 4.2 4.2 87.5
92 1 4.2 4.2 91.7
95 1 4.2 4.2 95.8
98 1 4.2 4.2 100.0
Week 3 – SPSS Output
Statistics Skills Test
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Valid 74 1 4.2 4.2 4.2
75 1 4.2 4.2 8.3
76 1 4.2 4.2 12.5
77 1 4.2 4.2 16.7
78 1 4.2 4.2 20.8
79 1 4.2 4.2 25.0
80 1 4.2 4.2 29.2
81 1 4.2 4.2 33.3
82 1 4.2 4.2 37.5
83 3 12.5 12.5 50.0
84 1 4.2 4.2 54.2
85 1 4.2 4.2 58.3
86 2 8.3 8.3 66.7
87 1 4.2 4.2 70.8
88 1 4.2 4.2 75.0
89 1 4.2 4.2 79.2
90 1 4.2 4.2 83.3
91 1 4.2 4.2 87.5
92 1 4.2 4.2 91.7
95 1 4.2 4.2 95.8
98 1 4.2 4.2 100.0
Total 24 100.0 100.0
Week 3 – SPSS Output
Histograms
Week 3 – SPSS Output
ANOVA Analysis
Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
Dependent Variable:Statistics Skills Test
Source
Type III Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig.
Partial Eta
Squared
Noncent.
Parameter
Observed
Power
b
Corrected Model 54.250
a
2 27.125 .665 .525 .060 1.331 .147
Intercept 170353.500 1 170353.500 4178.013 .000 .995 4178.013 1.000
class 54.250 2 27.125 .665 .525 .060 1.331 .147
Error 856.250 21 40.774
Total 171264.000 24
Corrected Total 910.500 23
a. R Squared = .060 (Adjusted R Squared = -.030)
b. Computed using alpha = .05
1. Grand Mean
Dependent Variable:Statistics Skills Test
Mean Std. Error
95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound Upper Bound
84.250 1.303 81.539 86.961
2. Class type
Dependent Variable:Statistics Skills Test
Class type Mean Std. Error
95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound Upper Bound
Online 83.125 2.258 78.430 87.820
Face 86.375 2.258 81.680 91.070
Hybrid 83.250 2.258 78.555 87.945
Week 3 – SPSS Output
Week 3 – SPSS Output
Post-hoc Test Analysis
Multiple Comparisons
Statistics Skills Test
Tukey HSD
(I) Class type (J) Class type
Mean
Difference (I-J) Std. Error Sig.
95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound Upper Bound
Online Face -3.25 3.193 .574 -11.30 4.80
Hybrid -.12 3.193 .999 -8.17 7.92
Face Online 3.25 3.193 .574 -4.80 11.30
Hybrid 3.13 3.193 .598 -4.92 11.17
Hybrid Online .12 3.193 .999 -7.92 8.17
Face -3.13 3.193 .598 -11.17 4.92
Based on observed means.
The error term is Mean Square(Error) = 40.774.
Statistics Skills Test
Tukey HSD
a,b
Class type N
Subset
1
Online 8 83.13
Hybrid 8 83.25
Face 8 86.38
Sig.
.574
Means for groups in homogeneous
subsets are displayed.
Based on observed means.
The error term is Mean Square(Error)
= 40.774.
a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size
= 8.000.
b. Alpha = .05.
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