Teachers’ attitudes toward using technology for educational purposes
Order Description
On technology and education including a questionnaire (you can make up the results of the questionnaire). Should be academic for PhD level. following the plan and examples attached.
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RESEARCH ESSAY – Planning
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Based on the student essay, The general public’s attitude towards the legalisation of living organ markets: What is the public’s position on the matter and why? Author withheld.
Essay Title
University students’ attitudes towards the legalisation of living organ markets: What is their position on the matter and why?
ABSTRACT
A summary of the aims, methods, results, and conclusions.
INTRODUCTION 200-250 words
This section contextualises the AIMS of the research project.
1. Explain the debate/controversy issue:
Organ market is illegal. Some argue that it should remain illegal due to ethical concerns. Others believe it should be legalised due to the chronic shortfall in organs.
2. Need for the survey/Research Gap:
There is no consensus on the issue of legalisation of the organ market and the opinion of the public – the donors and receivers of organs – is a major factor in determining policy. Previous surveys of public attitude to organ market legalisation have shown conflicting results, and further investigation is therefore necessary. Moreover, few studies have investigated attitudes amongst university students, despite the fact that university students are almost twice as likely to be on the organ register as those of similar age in the general population.
3. Aim of the research paper:
To identify university students’ attitudes to the legalisation of organ markets1. In particular, the paper aims to identify the reasons for these views2 as well as other factors that may influence attitudes3.
? Note that there are 3 aims, as numbered. These aims are key to the organisation/ content of the rest of the essay.
LITERATURE REVIEW 600-650 words
This section gives further background on the topic and narrows to a summary of previous research on attitudes to the topic. Note how the structure links into the aims identified in the introduction.
1. Background:
People are dying due to organ shortages ? Rise of black market for organs.
2. Legalised organ markets:
Legalised organ markets have been suggested as a possible solution ? Current public opinion on legalisation ? Aim 1.
3. Arguments in favour of legalised organ markets:
Reasons the public have supported legalisation in the past and analysis of the validity of these reasons ? Aim 2.
4. Arguments against legalised organ markets:
Reasons the public have opposed legalisation in the past and analysis of the validity of these reasons à Aim 2.
5. Factors affecting attitudes towards legalisation:
Previous studies have shown that men are more likely than women to oppose legalisation because…/ According to Alsowayigh (2013), those professing a religion were more likely to oppose legalisation/ Numerous surveys (Xi, 2013; Begimbetov, 2012; Alsunaid and Aytah, 2012; Samkaoui, 2014) have suggested that those who have had first-hand experience of organ donation were more likely to be in favour of legalised markets.
Previous studies (Won, 2013; Babakekhian, 2014) have also provided evidence that the greater an individual’s knowledge of organ markets, especially the current black market, the more likely they are to support legalisation. Research by Sun (2014) and Yuan (2013) contradicts these findings, however, identifying no correlation. In addition, a study by Johnson (2012) suggests that attitudes to legal organ markets are negatively correlated to attitudes to donating organs in general; in other words, those who are prepared to donate their own organs, or already have, are less likely to support legal markets). ? Aim 3.
6. Identify literature gap:
Although attitudes towards the legalisation of organ markets amongst the general public have been widely examined, only two studies (Fan, 2012; Dogan, 2013) have investigated attitudes amongst university students.
7. Objectives:
To identify:
– Attitudes towards legal organ markets amongst university students from a range of nationalities and studying a variety of subjects (including business and science).
– Reasons for these attitudes.
– Whether there is any correlation of attitudes, as well as the reasons for these attitudes, with factors such as knowledge of organ markets, religion, gender, previous experience of organ donation, and subject studied.
METHODS 300-350
This section outlines how the questionnaire was designed, who you sent it to and how, and how you analysed the results.
1. Questionnaire design:
– Why this tool was chosen.
– How the questionnaire was designed.
– Adaptations made after the pilot.
2. Sample:
– Who was the questionnaire sent to?
3. Procedure:
– How did you distribute the questionnaire?
– How did you analyse the results?
RESULTS 400-450
In this section, analyse your results by aim. However, do NOT use the aims as subheadings.
1. Aim 3:
The sample ? Who replied to the survey (i.e. breakdown of sample by gender, religion, nationality etc)?
2. Aim 3: Knowledge of organ markets.
3. Aim 1: Attitudes towards legalisation of organ markets.
4. Aim 2: Reasons for attitudes towards organ market legalisation.
DISCUSSION 550-600
In this section, discuss:
1. The key findings from your results.
2. Discuss possible limitations.
3. Give suggestions for further research.
Note that the key findings should tie in to the aims.
FINDINGS
Finding 1: ‘Individuals are now more open to the idea of a living organ market’ = 2:1 in favour ? Aim 1.
Relate to previous research: Rodriquez et al (2009) found 20.1% in favour.
Explanation/Reflection on the finding: A possible explanation is that the public have a better understanding of the subject now ? Aim 3 (knowledge as a factor affecting attitudes).
Finding 2: Main reason for supporting living organ markets is that ‘it has the potential to reduce, if not resolve, the organ shortage’? Aim 2.
Relate to previous research: Similar results to a survey of physicians by Aronsohn et al (2010).
Explanation/Reflection: There is a consensus between the public and the medical profession.
Finding 3: Main reason for opposing living organ markets is ethical concerns ? Aim 2.
Relate to previous research: This agrees with previous research regarding the attitudes of ‘both the society and the transplant community’ (Daar, 2004; Jaycox, 2012).
Explanation/ Reflection: blah blah blah…..
Finding 4: Religious beliefs had no bearing on attitudes ? Aim 2 and Aim 3.
Relate to pervious research: Some research has suggested that religious individuals are more likely to oppose organ donation (Sun, 2010; Fan, 2011; Wang, 2013), while other studies (Chan, 2013; Abdulayev, 2014; Babakekhian, 2012) maintain that religion has no bearing on beliefs in this area.
Explanation/Reflection: This study lends support to the latter view.
LIMITATIONS
This is where you can show that you understand any mistakes you have made! It is the equivalent of a mini-critique (e.g. the sample size was too small etc.).
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH
Again, as you did in the critique.
CONCLUSION 150-200
1. Repeat the aims of the research.
2. Briefly repeat the method.
3. Summarise the main results.
4. Recommendations.
REFERENCE LIST
Alphabetical order and perfect in every way!
QUESTIONNAIRE
This is based on your aims. Therefore, this essay would have questions about (but not necessarily in this order):
Aim 1:
Attitudes towards the legalisation of organ markets (i.e. in favour or opposed?)
Aim 2:
Reasons for being in favour or opposed to organ markets.
Aim 3:
Other factors. This would include:
– Sample information (e.g. age, gender, ethnicity, nationality, religion, subject of study etc).
– Any factors identified in the literature review (e.g. knowledge of organ markets, attitudes to organ donation in general, experience of organ donation etc).
AIM SOURCES
1. Attitudes towards legalization of organ markets.
1
Won, S (2013) A primary study of attitudes towards the legalization of the trade of human organs amongst South Korean pensioners Journal of Something or Other 5(2) 354-357
‘Our results showed that the vast majority of those surveyed (82%) opposed the legalization of the organ trade, with the primary reason given being that such a trade would inevitably lead to exploitation of the poorest.’
2
Xi, Y (2014) The UK general public’s views on the organ market Journal of Blah 4(1) 124-127
‘We conducted a meta-analysis of 35 studies of attitudes towards a legal organ market, all of which were conducted on members of the UK public. Our results show that the attitudes towards the organ trade have grown more accepting over the last two decades, with a shift from 85% opposition to 62% against. This contrasts with results in many other parts of the world, such as South Korea (Won, 2013), China (Sun, 2012), Morocco (Samkaoui, 2012), and Spain (Jimenez, 2014), where the trend is in the opposite direction.’
3
2. Reasons for attitudes.
In Favour
Opposing
3. Factors correlating with attitudes.
1
Chan, H (2014) Should organ markets be legalised? A primary study of attitudes towards legalisation amongst the Portuguese public Journal of Meh 2(3) 679-689
‘It was particularly revealing to note the fact that there was no statistically significant correlation between religion and views on the legalization of the organ trade, a finding which contradicts many previous studies (Alsowaigh, 2013; Smith, 2012). There was, however, a relationship to professed spirituality; those who stated that they considered themselves “spiritual” were more likely to oppose legal organ markets.’
AIM SOURCES