Biology.

The following questions are based on assigned textbook readings. Answer each question as completely as possible. Be sure to proofread your work carefully for correct spelling, grammar, and usage. Avoid merely copying sentences or paragraphs from the textbook. Use your own words to demonstrate your understanding. Use text: Biology (WCB General Biology) 12th Edition by Sylvia S. Mader Dr. (Author), Michael Windelspecht ISBN 0078024269. 1. Describe the four macromolecules described in your text: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Discuss both structure and function. 2. Identify where the following carbohydrates are found, and explain the function of each: (a) starch, (b) chitin, (c) cellulose, (d) glycogen. 3. You can gain an understanding of the presence of biomolecules in food by examining several food labels. Find the Nutrition Facts label on at least two food items, and describe how much energy is stored in lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins in each. Discuss the differences and what they tell you about the foods themselves. 4. Discuss the structure and function of DNA and RNA. 5. Explain the major differences between a prokaryotic and a eukaryotic cell. 6. Describe the structure and function of the nucleus. 7. Briefly describe and distinguish among the following cell structures: endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, peroxisomes, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. 8. What is the purpose of the cytoskeleton? 9. Describe the nature of the fluid-mosaic model as it relates to membrane structure. 10. Explain why phospholipids play such an important role in the structure of the cell membrane. 11. Discuss primary and secondary cells walls in plants. 12. Compare diffusion and osmosis across a membrane. 13. Compare facilitated transport with active transport. 14. Describe how both an animal and a plant cell would react to a(n) (a) hypotonic solution, (b) hypertonic solution, (c) isotonic solution. 15. Describe the structure of a chloroplast. 16. Describe the overall process of photosynthesis. 17. Describe the steps that occur in Calvin cycle reactions. 18. What is photorespiration? 19. Describe the phases of cellular respiration. 20. Define the following terms: catabolism and anabolism. Describe how the two are balanced within a cell.