CHEMICAL REACTIONS
A. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this lab is to investigate chemical reactions that are common in the home. B. BACKGROUND Some chemicals will rearrange into new substances
when they are exposed to reactive chemicals. Generally, both chemicals break down into component atoms and new combinations are produced. C. EQUIPMENT From your
kitchen, collect some baking soda, vinegar, an egg, a candle, and matches. D. PROCEDURES 1. Measure about 4 tablespoons of baking soda (NaHCO3) into a bottle (an empty
glass pop or ketchup bottle is best). Pour a few ounces of vinegar into the bottle, and put your thumb over the top. Describe the results. Light a candle. Now repeat
the above reaction with vinegar and baking soda, making certain not to allow any of the gas in the bottle to escape too soon. Tilt the bottle down but not so far that
the liquid flows to the opening. If the gas in the bottle is heavier than air, it will flow out when you release your thumb. Hold the bottle opening over the candle,
and take your thumb away. Watch the flame and record your observation. Cases that could form from vinegar (C2H4O2) and bicarbonate of soda (NaHCO3) are HYDROGEN (which
explodes), OXYGEN (which causes flames to burn brighter), and CARBON DIOXIDE (which extinguishes flames). Which gas did you make? 2. Put a raw egg (with its shell
intact) into a cup of vinegar. Allow it to sit overnight. Describe the results. Eggshell is composed of VaCO3, and vinegar is acetic acid. Mix several teaspoons of
table salt into a few ounces of vinegar. Place some dirty, corroded pennies into the solution, and observe. Find a website that describes “safe home cleaners”. Choose
one that you can make or find at home and test its effectiveness in cleaning something. Report the results. The bubbling action of the acid-bicarbonate reaction
enhances cleaning action. Acid also dissolves any calcium carbonate film built up on the inside of tea kettles. How well did your homemade cleanser work?
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Describe the results of the reactions in a summary.
F.
REVIEW AND PRACTICE 1. The reaction between a different acid, hydrochloric acid (HCl), and CaCO3 is as follows: HCl + CaCO3 CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
Balance this equation so that the same amount of each element is on the left of the arrow as is on the right. 2. Other forms of CaCO3 are cement and limestone. This
type of reaction occurs when limestone rocks are dissolved by acidic rain water to form caves. Suggest a way to clean oil stains off of your cement driveway. The
chemical reaction between an acid and a base produces neutral water by combining the H from the acid with the OH from the base. Look at the following reaction, and
complete it by writing in what else should be formed. HCl + NaOH H2O +
laboratory report should contain the following sections: (1) Hypothesis, (2) Procedures,
(3) Observations and Results, and (4) Conclusions. Make certain you include all four headings with at least a short paragraph for each. In addition, tables, graphs,
and answers to questions may be necessary in the latter two sections.
HYPOTHESIS
Scientific research should contain a preliminary statement of the expected outcome of the experiment. This can include predictions of the specific experiment or the
general anticipated result. If you are merely doing an observation and have no idea of the outcome, you cannot make an actual hypothesis. Instead, make a short
statement of the purpose of the observation. However, if you have preconceived ideas of the outcome, include them in this section, and then see how they compare to
the results.
PROCEDURES
Even though you are told what to do, write a paragraph of the specific steps you actually took in doing the experiment or observation. Because you are coming up with
your own equipment, your procedures will be of particular interest.
OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS
This is where you should make a detailed statement of the outcome of your experiment. Record all your pertinent observations in a clear, readable form. Arrange your
data in tables (such as measurements and calculations you make). Answer any questions asked in this Study Guide, marking these clearly so that they can be easily
found.
CONCLUSIONS
Your conclusions should include a comparison between the outcome of the experiment and your initial predictions made in the hypothesis. In cases where you are
attempting to recreate a physical constant, compare your number to the accepted value, using the formula for experimental error:
Experimental Error Equation
If you find a large difference in your results from the expected value or if your anticipated observations are not the same as your actual observations, try to
identify possible sources of error or reasons for the difference in the hypothesis and results
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