Self-concept – Cheap Research Essays

Self-concept

(a) What is meant by the terms “self-esteem” and “ideal self”? (b) Describe what is meant by the term “schema”. (c) How might peers and media affect the development of self-concept in adolescence? (d) (i) (ii) What is meant by “decentring”? Give an example of decentring. 4 2 0 0
(e) Describe and evaluate one research study on self-concept. Include: • researcher • aim/what was studied • procedure • results • conclusions.
A2. Learning Theories (a) What is meant by “reinforcement”? (b) Describe what is meant by “Classical Conditioning.” (c) Describe what is meant by “Social Learning Theory” (SLT). (d) (i) (ii) What is meant by “punishment”? Give an example of “punishment”. 2 4 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 2

(e) Describe and evaluate one research study on learning. Include: • researcher • aim/what was studied • procedure • results • conclusions. [END OF SECTION A]

Research scenario Researchers wanted to find out if women were better at remembering faces than men. They stopped an equal amount of men and women in a local shopping centre and asked them to take part in the study. The researchers explained to them what the study was about and gave them a consent form to complete. Each participant was given 60 faces to remember. It was concluded that women were better at remembering faces than men. The graph below shows the results. Sex Differences in memory of faces 60 50 40 Number of faces 30 remembered 20 10 0 Men Women Sex 4 0 2 2 2 0 2 0 0 0

(a) Describe the key features of the field experiment method of research. (b) Give one weakness of the field experiment method of research. (c) Identify the dependent variable (DV) in this study. (d) Suggest a suitable hypothesis for this study. (e) Describe one sampling method that may have been used in this study. (f) Describe one ethical principle that the researchers should consider in this study. (g) Describe another type of graph/chart for presenting the results. (h) Describe a non-experimental method that could be used for this study.
SECTION C THE INDIVIDUAL IN THE SOCIAL CONTEXT Answer TWO questions from this Section. Answer question C1, and ONE other question chosen from questions C2–C4. Answer ALL PARTS of question C1. C1. Personality (a) Describe the “latent” stage in Freud’s psychodynamic theory of personality. (b) (i) (ii) What is meant by the term “fixation”? How might fixation occur during the oral stage of psychosexual development?

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(d) Describe two of the factors in Costa & McCrae’s 5 factor model of personality. (e) Describe two personality tests and give a weakness of one.

Answer ONE question from questions C2 – C5. Answer ALL PARTS of the question you choose. C2. Group processes (a) What is meant by a “formal” group? (b) Briefly describe one factor which affects group cohesiveness. (c) “Forming” is one of Tuckman’s stages of group development. Describe two of the other stages. (d) Describe what is meant by “group polarisation”. (e) Describe and evaluate one research study on group processes. Include: • researcher • aim/what was studied • procedure • results • conclusions • evaluation. [X263/201] Page six 2 2 0 0

OR C3. Non-verbal communication (NVC) (a) Define the term “proximity”. (b) Describe the function of eye contact and pupil dilation. (c) Describe the role of nurture (environment) on NVC. (d) Within NVC briefly describe one: (i) (ii) cultural difference; gender difference.

(e) Describe and evaluate one research study on NVC. Include: • researcher • aim/what was studied • procedure • results • conclusions • evaluation.

OR C4. Altruism (a) What is meant by the term “diffusion of responsibility”? (b) How can modelling and reinforcement be used to encourage altruism? (c) What is meant by “kinship selection”? (d) Describe the empathy-altruism theory of altruism. (e) Describe and evaluate one research study on altruism. Include: • researcher • aim/what was studied • procedure • results • conclusions • evaluation.