The three dots after the word ‘promise’ (called an ellipsis) show that a word or words have been left
out.
Always introduce or transition into quotations using your own words to maintain the flow of your
writing.
If you quote another source directly without adding quotation marks (for short quotes) or indenting
it as a block quote (for long quotes), this may be identified as plagiarism.
8. Where exactly do I put the full stop when quoting and/or referencing?
Full stops must always be placed at the very end of a sentence, after the quotation and/or in-text
reference.
9. Can I reference two or more sources at the same time?
Yes. Use a semi-colon to separate the items in the in-text reference, and list the items alphabetically
according to their authors’ family names.
If referencing multiple sources by the same author, present the items in chronological order (oldest
to most recent) and separate them with commas.
10. Can I paste the URL of a webpage into my essay as an in-text reference?
No. Harvard is an ‘author-date’ system. Follow the author-date in-text referencing conventions for
all sources. If you are unsure how to reference a website because there is no author or year
provided, follow the guidelines provided above for referencing sources without authors or years
(FAQ 3).
According to Barnett (2009, p. 219):
While some authors respond to the rise of technologies in the lives of humans by
articulating anxieties through figures such as the mad scientist, or tropes such as the
destruction of civilisation, others see in technology a promise … of new and exciting
ways of being and expressing the human in the face of co-evolution with technology.
Research indicates that ‘over a thousand autobiographies of childhood have been published in
roughly the past fifteen years’ (Douglas 2010, p. 1).
According to Barnett (2009, p. 219), several authors see technology as providing ‘new and
exciting ways of being and expressing the human in the face of co-evolution with technology’.
Social networking has had a major impact on young people (Body & Ellison 2007; Hansford &
Adlington 2009; Lenhart & Madden 2007).
Buzan (2005, 2006, 2007) is a mind-mapping expert and enthusiast.
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11. How do I reference a reprint of a book?
In the case of a reprint of a book, use the year of publication, not the year of the reprint. This is
because reprint means the content has not changed so the same edition is being used. However, if
the book is revised, then the year of the revision is used as the content has changed in some way.
12. How do I reference family names with a prefix?
Family names containing prefixes such as de, van, von or De, Van, Von should be listed in the
reference list under D and V respectively. Thus if the author’s name is Melissa de Zwart, her name
would appear in the reference list under d (for de Zwart, M) not Z (for Zwart, MD). Also keep the
prefix as part of the surname in-text.
13. How do I reference a name with a suffix?
If a name contains a generational suffix such as Junior, do not include the suffix in-text but identify it
in your reference list.
Similarly, names containing generational suffixes such as II, III, or IV should be referenced as above.
14. How do I reference hyphenated names?
If an author’s family name is hyphenated, include the hyphen in your referencing.
If the given name is hyphenated, include the hyphen in your reference list.
de Zwart (2012) notes…
de Zwart, M 2012, ‘NRL v Optus in the full federal court…
…depiction of war (Vonnegut 1966).
Vonnegut, K Jr 1966, Mother night…
…ethical considerations (Smith 2012).
Smith, GP II 2012, Law and bioethics: along the mortal coil…
…economic considerations (Pitt-Watson 1991).
Pitt-Watson, D 1991, Economic short termism…
…existential considerations (Sartre 1944).
Sartre, J-P 1944, No exit…
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